Biodiesel. Mohato o hlokahalang nakong e tlang

Biodiesel e entsoe ka eng?

Biodiesel ke setsoalle sa tikoloho, mafura a mang a ka hlahisoang ho tsoa malapeng, mehloling e ka nchafatsoang joalo ka soya, peō ea peō kapa oli ea meroho, hammoho le mafura a liphoofolo. Biodiesel ha e na petroleum, empa e ka tsoakoa le mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa mafura a diesel. Metsoako ea 20% ea biodiesel le 80% ea mafura a diesel e ka sebelisoa hoo e batlang e le mefuta eohle ea lisebelisoa tsa diesel. Metsoako ena ea boemo bo tlaase hangata ha e hloke liphetoho leha e le life tsa enjene (ntle le lifensetere tsa mafura, liphaephe tsa mafura le litiiso lienjineng tse ling tsa khale tsa diesel), empa metsoako e nang le karolo e phahameng ea li-biofuel (ho kenyeletsoa le biodiesel e hloekileng) e tla be e se e hloka phetoho e nyane.

Biodiesel e bonolo ho e sebelisa, e ka senyeha, ha e na tikoloho, 'me ha e na sebabole kapa aromatics.

Tekanyetso ea Europe ea EN 14214 e nkuoa e le tekanyetso ea 'nete ea lefats'e bakeng sa mofuta oa mafura ao ho buuoang ka ona. Ho ea ka eena, sebopeho sa biodiesel se kenyelletsa:

1. Meroho (poone, soya, rapeseed, soneblomo) kapa oli ea liphoofolo. Tšebeliso ea oli ea palema le peanut ha e amohelehe, kaha biodiesel e fumanoang ho bona ha e tšoanelehe e le mafura a dizeli a mariha.
2. Li-triglycerides.
3. Monoalkyl ester kapa methyl esters ea mafura acid.
4. Joala (ethanol kapa isopropanol; ka bongata bo fokolang, ka lebaka la chefo ea eona, methanol e boetse e sebelisoa).
5. Li-additives tse ke keng tsa qojoa ka mokhoa oa li-preservatives - tertiary butylhydroquinone, dimethylpolysiloxane kapa citric acid, tse lulang li fumanoa mafura a liphoofolo. Ha li ame boleng ba biodiesel.

Theknoloji ea tlhahiso

Biodiesel e ka etsoa ka oli e ncha kapa e sebelisitsoeng ea meroho le mafura a liphoofolo. Theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea biodiesel e fapane. Lioli le mafura lia tlhotloa ebe li hloekisoa pele ho tlosa metsi le litšila. Ka mor'a hore oli e entsoeng ka letsoho le mafura li kopane le joala le ho kenya letsoho. Limolek'hule tsa oli lia robeha ebe li fetoha methyl esters le glycerol, ebe li aroloa ho tse ling ebe lia hloekisoa.

Mohato o thata ka ho fetisisa oa ho fumana li-biofuel ke ho petsoha ha limolek'hule tsa acid e telele tse mafura tse kopantsoeng ke molek'hule ea glycerol. Nakong ea ts'ebetso ena, ho sebelisoa catalyst (alkali), e senyang limolek'hule tsa glycerol ebe e kopanya e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liketane tsa mafura a mafura le molek'hule ea joala. Phello ke ho bōptjoa ha monoalkyl kapa ethyl esters, kapa esters ea mafura a acids. Nakong ea ts'ebetso ena - interesterification - glycerol e teba ho ea tlaase 'me e tlosoa.

Hoo e ka bang halofo ea tlhahiso ea mafura a biodiesel e ka sebelisa lihlahisoa leha e le life tsa hydrocarbon tse nang le mafura, esita le litlolo tse entsoeng ka metsoako ea meroho kapa ea tlhaho. Halofo e 'ngoe e hlahisa biodiesel feela ho tloha oli ea meroho. Oli ea soya e ka sehloohong letotong lena: ho na le tlhahiso e feteletseng lefatšeng, 'me tlhahiso e feteletseng e tlatsetsa ho fokotseha ha theko ea mafura ana. Theko ea biodiesel ka litha e le nngwe - ho tloha ho li-ruble tse 50 ho isa ho tse 100.

Mokhoa oa ho etsa biodiesel lapeng?

Khetho e bonolo ka ho fetisisa ke ho kopanya oli ea meroho le diesel e tloaelehileng, e tšesaane kapa peterole. Ho sebelisoa metsoako e fapaneng, ho tloha ho 10% ea oli ea meroho le 90% ea lihlahisoa tsa petroleum ho isa ho litekanyo tse fapaneng tse fapaneng. Oli ea meroho e tlameha ho futhumatsoa pele e kopanya, joale viscosity ea eona e tla fokotseha, 'me ho kopanya ho tla potlaka.

Khatisong le libakeng tse khethehileng, u ka bala keletso ea "litsebi" mabapi le ho eketsoa ha lintho tse kang turpentine, naphthalene, xylene kapa peterole e sa lebelloang. Ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka phello ea li-additives tsena litšoanelehong tsa ho tuka ha mafura kapa liphello tsa bona tsa nako e telele ho enjene.

Khetho e amohelehang haholoanyane ke tlhahiso ea biodiesel ka lik'hemik'hale tse hlokahalang tsa lik'hemik'hale, haholo-holo kaha likarolo tse ka sehloohong - joala, alkali, glycerin - li ka rekoa habonolo mabenkeleng.

Mokhoa oa ho hlahisa biodiesel lapeng ke o latelang:

1. Lokisetsa setshelo se pepeneneng se nang le palo ea lilithara tse 2 tsa polasetiki e hananang le lik'hemik'hale tse nang le sekwahelo se tiileng.
2. Litha e le nngwe tsa oli e ncha ea meroho, e besitsoeng ho 55⁰C, tšela ka setshelo 'me u kopanye le 200 ml ea joala u sebelisa blender. Ho kopanya ho lokela ho etsoa ka hare ho metsotso e 20.
3. Ka hloko tšela catalyst - potassium hydroxide (molemo) kapa sodium, ka palo ea 5 g. (bakeng sa KOH) kapa 3,5 g (bakeng sa NaOH) ka litara e le 1. U hloka ho eketsa joala le li-catalyst u sebelisa li-funnel tse fapaneng.
4. Koala setshelo ka thata 'me u se tsamaise ka sefofane se otlolohileng ka makhetlo a 5-6 ho potlakisa ts'ebetso ea karabelo. Ho qhibiliha ha alkali ho ka nka metsotso e 15 (bakeng sa KOH) ho isa lihora tse 8 (bakeng sa NaOH).
5. Kamora ho fela ha karabelo, o lokela ho ema lihora tse ling tse 12-20 ho fihlela sediment e bokellana ka tlase ho setshelo. E lokela ho tlosoa ka hloko.

E phehiloe ka oli e ncha ea biodiesel e na le 'mala o mosehla o bobebe. Palo e itseng ea turbidity e ke ke ea ama haholo boleng ba mafura.

Biodiesel