Mefuta ea mafura a metsi

Mafuso a metsi a atisa ho fumanoa ho hloekisoa ha oli e tala kapa (ho isa tekanyong e nyenyane) ho tloha mashala a thata le lignite. Li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho khanna lienjineri tse tukang ka hare, 'me, ho isa tekanyong e nyane, ho qala li-boilers tsa mouoane, bakeng sa ho futhumatsa le merero ea thekenoloji.

Mafuso a bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa a metsi ke: peterole, diesel, oli ea mafura, parafine, mafura a maiketsetso.

Khase

Motsoako oa li-hydrocarbon tsa metsi, e 'ngoe ea mefuta ea mantlha ea mafura e sebelisoang lienjineng tsa likoloi, lifofane le lisebelisoa tse ling. E boetse e sebelisoa e le solvent. Ho ea ka pono ea lik'hemik'hale, likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa peterole ke li-aliphatic hydrocarbons tse nang le palo ea liathomo tsa carbon ho tloha ho 5 ho ea ho 12. Ho boetse ho na le mesaletsa ea li-hydrocarbon tse sa soaturated le tse nkhang hamonate.

Peterole e fana ka matla enjeneng ka ho tuka, ke hore, ka oksijene e tsoang sepakapakeng. Kaha e cha ka lipotoloho tse khutšoane haholo, ts'ebetso ena e tlameha ho potlaka le ho ts'oana ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang ho pholletsa le molumo oohle oa lisilindara tsa enjene. Sena se finyelloa ka ho kopanya peterole le moea pele e kena ka har'a li-cylinders, ho theha seo ho thoeng ke motsoako oa mafura-moea, ke hore ho emisoa (moholi) oa marotholi a manyenyane haholo a peterole moeeng. Peterole e hlahisoa ke distillation ea oli e tala. Sebopeho sa eona se itšetlehile ka sebopeho sa pele sa oli le maemo a ho lokisoa. Ho ntlafatsa thepa ea peterole e le mafura, chelete e nyane (e ka tlase ho 1%) ea lik'hemik'hale tse khethiloeng tsa lik'hemik'hale li kenngoa ho lienjineri, tse bitsoang li-antiknock agents (ho thibela ho phatloha, ke hore, mollo o sa laoleheng le o sa lekaneng).

Injini ea dieele

Mafura a etselitsoe lienjineri tsa diesel tse hotetsang. Ke motsoako oa parafini, naphthenic le hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate tse tsoang oli e tala nakong ea ts'ebetso ea distillation. Li-distillate tsa diesel li na le ntlha e belang e phahameng haholo (180-350 ° C) ho feta li-distillates tsa peterole. Kaha li na le sebabole se ngata, hoa hlokahala ho li tlosa ka phekolo ea hydrogen (hydrotreating).

Oli ea diesel e boetse e le lihlahisoa tse fumanoang likarolong tse setseng ka mor'a hore ho be le distillation, empa bakeng sa sena ho hlokahala ho etsa mekhoa e metle ea ho senyeha (catalytic cracking, hydrocracking). Ho hlophisoa le ho lekana ha li-hydrocarbon tse fumanehang ka har'a oli ea diesel lia fapana ho latela mofuta oa oli e sebetsoang le mekhoa ea theknoloji e sebelisoang tlhahisong ea tsona.

Ka lebaka la mokhoa oa ho khantša motsoako oa moea oa oli ka lienjiniking - ha o sparkless, empa mocheso (ho itšehla thajana) - ha ho na bothata ba ho tuka ha detonation. Ka hona, ha ho utloahale ho bontša palo ea octane bakeng sa oli. Parameter ea bohlokoa bakeng sa mafura ana ke bokhoni ba ho itima ka potlako mocheso o phahameng, tekanyo ea eona ke palo ea cetane.

Oli ea mafura, oli ea mafura

Mokelikeli o nang le oli o setseng ka mor'a ho tšeloa ha oli ea boemo bo tlaase tlas'a maemo a sepakapaka mocheso oa 250-350 ° C. E na le li-hydrocarbon tse boima ba molek'hule. Ka lebaka la theko ea eona e tlase, e sebelisoa e le mafura bakeng sa lienjine tse tsamaeang ka lebelo le tlase, li-boilers tsa mouoane oa metsing le ho qala li-boilers tsa mouoane, mafura bakeng sa li-boilers tsa mouoane ka har'a li-locomotives tse ling, mafura bakeng sa liindasteri (mohlala, tlhahiso ea gypsum). ), li-feedstock for vacuum distillation, bakeng sa tlhahiso ea litlolo tsa metsi (lubricating oils) le lubricant tse tiileng (mohlala, vaseline), le joalo ka phepelo e pshatlehang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea oli ea mafura le peterole.

Oli

Karolo ea mokelikeli ea oli e tala, e belang ka har'a 170-250 ° C, e na le boima ba 0,78-0,81 g/cm³. Mokelikeli o mosehla o tukang o nang le monko o ikhethang, e leng motsoako oa li-hydrocarbon, limolek'hule tsa tsona li na le liathomo tsa khabone tse 12-15. E sebelisoa ka bobeli (tlas'a lebitso la "parafini" kapa "parafine ea sefofane") e le sehlaseli le merero ea litlolo.

Lisebelisoa tsa maiketsetso

Mafura a entsoeng ka lik'hemik'hale a ka bang sebaka se seng sa peterole kapa mafura a disele. Ho itšetlehile ka lisebelisoa tse tala tse sebelisoang, theknoloji e latelang e khetholloa:

• (GTL) - mafura a tsoang khase ea tlhaho;
• (CTL) - ho tswa ho carbon;
• (BTL) - ho tsoa ho biomass.

Ho fihlela joale, theknoloji e 'meli ea pele ke eona e tsoetseng pele ka ho fetisisa. Peterole ea maiketsetso e entsoeng ka mashala e ne e sebelisoa nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše ’me hona joale e sebelisoa haholo Afrika Boroa. Tlhahiso ea mafura a maiketsetso a thehiloeng holim'a biomass e ntse e le sethaleng sa liteko, empa e ka fumana botumo bo eketsehileng ka lebaka la ho khothalletsa litharollo tse molemo bakeng sa tikoloho (li-biofuels li ntse li tsoela pele ho loantša ho futhumala ha lefatše). Mofuta o ka sehloohong oa motsoako o sebelisoang ho hlahisa mafura a maiketsetso ke motsoako oa Fischer-Tropsch.