Mefuta ea mafura a diesel

Litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa mafura a diesel

Ts'ebetsong ea lihlopha, mafura a diesel a khetholloa ke litšobotsi tse latelang:

• nomoro ea cetane, e nkoang e le tekanyo ea boiketlo ba ho khantša;
• matla a mouoane;
• mokoloko;
• e tiileng e qamathelang;
• mocheso o teteaneng;
• litaba tsa litšila tse ikhethang, haholo-holo sebabole.

Palo ea cetane ea limaraka tsa sejoale-joale le mefuta ea mafura a dizeli e tloha ho 40 ho isa ho 60. Litefiso tsa mafura tse nang le palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea cetane li etselitsoe lienjineri tsa likoloi le literaka. Mafura a joalo ke a sa tsitsang ka ho fetisisa, a etsa qeto ea ho eketseha ha boreleli ba mollo le botsitso bo phahameng nakong ea mollo. Li-engine tse tsamaeang butle (tse tsamaeang ka likepe) li sebelisa mafura a nang le palo ea cetane e ka tlaase ho 40. Mafura ana a na le ho fetoha ha maemo a tlaase ka ho fetisisa, a siea carbon e ngata, 'me a na le sebabole se phahameng ka ho fetisisa.

Sebabole ke tšilafalo ea bohlokoa mofuteng ofe kapa ofe oa mafura a diesel, kahoo peresente ea eona e laoloa ka thata. Kahoo, ho ea ka melao ea European Union, palo ea sebabole ho bahlahisi bohle ba peterole ea dizeli ha ea ka ea feta boemo ba likarolo tse 10 ho milione. Sebabole se tlase se fokotsa ho ntšoa ha metsoako ea sebabole e amanang le pula ea asiti. Kaha ho fokotseha ha liperesente tsa sebabole ka mafura a dizeli ho boetse ho kenyelletsa ho fokotseha ha palo ea cetane, mefuta e fapaneng ea li-additives e sebelisoa mefuteng ea sejoale-joale e ntlafatsang maemo a ho qala enjene.

Sebopeho sa peresente ea mafura haholo se ipapisitse le bocha ba eona. Mehloli e ka sehloohong ea tšilafalo ea peterole ea diesel ke mouoane oa metsi, oo, tlas'a maemo a itseng, o khonang ho koaheloa ka litanka. Ho boloka mafura a disele nako e telele ho baka sebopeho sa li-fungus, ka lebaka leo li-filters tsa mafura le li-nozzles li silafalitsoeng.

Ho lumeloa hore lihlahisoa tsa sejoale-joale tsa mafura a diesel li bolokehile ho feta peterole (ho thata ho li hotetsa), hape li feta ho latela ts'ebetso, kaha li lumella ho eketsa matla a matla ka yuniti ea mafura.

Mehloli ea tlhahiso

Sehlopha se akaretsang ka ho fetesisa sa mafura a dizeli se ka etsoa ho latela mofuta oa phepelo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea eona. Ka tloaelo, oli e boima e 'nile ea e-ba lihlahisoa tsa tlhahiso ea mafura a diesel, ka mor'a hore likarolo tse sebelisetsoang ho hlahisa peterole kapa mafura a rocket ea lifofane li se li ntšitsoe ho tsona. Mohloli oa bobeli ke mefuta ea maiketsetso, eo tlhahiso ea eona e hlokang mashala, hammoho le distillate ea khase. Mofuta ona oa mafura a diesel o nkoa e le oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa.

Katleho ea 'nete ea thekenoloji ho mahlale a mafura a diesel e bile mosebetsi oa tlhahiso ea eona ho tsoa lihlahisoa tsa temo: seo ho thoeng ke biodiesel. Hoa makatsa hore ebe enjene ea pele ea lefatše ea diesel e ne e tsamaisoa ke oli ea peanut, 'me ka mor'a tlhahlobo ea indasteri, Henry Ford o ile a fihlela qeto ea hore tšebeliso ea mafura a meroho e le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa tlhahiso ea mafura ka sebele e loketse. Hona joale palo e kholo ea li-diesel e ka sebetsa ka motsoako o sebetsang, o kenyelletsang 25 ... 30% ea biodiesel, 'me moeli ona o ntse o tsoela pele ho phahama butle-butle. Keketseho e eketsehileng ea tšebeliso ea biodiesel e hloka ho hlophisoa bocha ha sistimi ea ente ea mafura ea elektroniki. Lebaka la ho hlophisa bocha hona ke hore biodiesel e fapana ho tse ling tsa litšobotsi tsa eona tsa ts'ebetso, leha ho se na phapang ea mantlha lipakeng tsa enjene ea diesel le enjene ea biodiesel.

Kahoo, ho ea ka mohloli oa tlhahiso, mafura a dizeli e ka ba:

• Ho tloha lihlahisoa tse tala tsa meroho.
• Ho tloha thepa e tala ea maiketsetso.
• Ho tsoa ho lisebelisoa tse tala tsa hydrocarbon.

Boemo ba mafura a diesel

Ho feto-fetoha ha mehloli le mekhoa ea theknoloji ea ho hlahisa mafura a diesel ke le leng la mabaka a palo e batlang e le ngata ea litekanyetso tsa lehae tse laolang tlhahiso le tšebeliso ea eona. A re li hlahlobeng.

GOST 305-2013 e hlalosa litekanyo tsa peterole ea dizeli e fumanoang lihlahisoa tse tala tsa oli le khase. Matšoao a laoloang ke maemo ana a kenyelletsa:

1. Nomoro ea Cetane - 45.
2. Kinematic viscosity, mm²/c – 1,5...6,0.
3. Boima, lik'hilograma / m³ - 833,5… 863,4.
4. flash point, ^ºC - 30 ... 62 (ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa enjene).
5. tšela ntlha, ^ºC, eseng ka holimo ho -5.

Tšobotsi e ka sehloohong ea peterole ea diesel ho ea ka GOST 305-2013 ke mocheso oa kopo, ho latela hore mafura a arotsoe ka lehlabula L (ts'ebetso ea mocheso oa ka ntle ho tloha ho 5).^ºC le ka holimo), nako ea nako e sa sebetseng ea E (ts'ebetso ka ntle ho mocheso o seng tlase ho -15^ºC), mariha Z (ts'ebetso ka mocheso o ka ntle o seng tlase ho -25 ... -35^ºC) le arctic A (ts'ebetso ka ntle ho mocheso ho tloha -45^ºC le ka tlase).

GOST 1667-68 e theha litlhoko tsa mafura a makoloi bakeng sa ho kenya disele tsa leoatleng tse mahareng le tse tlase. Mohloli oa lisebelisoa tse tala bakeng sa mafura a joalo ke oli e nang le karolo e phahameng ea sebabole. Mafura a arotsoe ka mefuta e 'meli ea mafura a disele le DM (ea morao-rao e sebelisoa feela lienjineng tsa disele tse lebelo le tlase).

Litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong tsa ts'ebetso ea mafura a diesel:

1. Viscosity, cSt - 20 ... 36.
2. Boima, lik'hilograma / m³ - 930.
3. flash point, ^ºC - 65… 70.
4. tšela ntlha, ^ºC, eseng ka tlase ho -5.
5. Likahare tsa metsi, %, ha li fete 0,5.

Litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong tsa ts'ebetso ea mafura a DM:

1. Viscosity, cSt - 130.
2. Boima, lik'hilograma / m³ - 970.
3. flash point, ^ºC - 85.
4. tšela ntlha, ^ºC, eseng ka tlase ho -10.
5. Likahare tsa metsi, %, ha li fete 0,5.

Bakeng sa mefuta e 'meli, matšoao a ho hlophisoa ha likaroloana a laoloa, hammoho le peresente ea litšila tse ka sehloohong (sebabole le metsoako ea eona, acid le alkalis).

GOST 32511-2013 e hlalosa litlhoko tsa peterole ea diesel e fetotsoeng e kopanang le maemo a Europe EN 590:2009+A1:2010. Motheo oa nts'etsopele e ne e le GOST R 52368-2005. Tekanyetso e hlalosa maemo a tekheniki bakeng sa tlhahiso ea mafura a tikoloho a nang le likarolo tse lekanyelitsoeng tsa likarolo tse nang le sebabole. Lipontšo tse tloaelehileng tsa tlhahiso ea peterole ena ea diesel li behiloe ka tsela e latelang:

1. Nomoro ea Cetane - 51.
2. E tiileng e qamathelang, limilimithara²/ s - 2 .... 4,5.
3. Boima, lik'hilograma / m³ - 820… 845.
4. flash point, ^ºC - 55.
5. tšela ntlha, ^ºC, eseng ka tlase ho -5 (ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa mafura).
6. Likahare tsa metsi, %, ha li fete 0,7.

Ho feta moo, sekhahla sa lubricity, ts'ebetso ea kutu, le liperesente tsa boteng ba methyl esters ea li-organic acid tse rarahaneng li ile tsa khethoa.

GOST R 53605-2009 e theha litlhoko tsa tekheniki bakeng sa likarolo tsa mantlha tsa phepelo e sebelisoang ho hlahisa mafura a biodiesel. E hlalosa mohopolo oa biodiesel, e thathamisa litlhoko tsa phetoho ea lienjineri tsa diesel, e theha lithibelo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea methyl esters ea mafura acid, e tlamehang ho ba teng ka mafura. GOST e ikamahanya le maemo a Europe EN590:2004.

Litlhokahalo tsa mantlha tsa tekheniki bakeng sa peterole ho latela GOST 32511-2013:

1. Nomoro ea Cetane - 55 ... 80.
2. Boima, lik'hilograma / m³ - 860… 900.
3. E tiileng e qamathelang, limilimithara²/ s - 2 .... 6.
4. flash point, ^ºC - 80.
5. tšela ntlha, ^ºHo tloha -5 ... -10.
6. Likahare tsa metsi, %, ha li fete 8.

GOST R 55475-2013 e totobatsa maemo a tlhahiso ea mafura a dizeli a mariha le a arctic, a hlahisoang ho tsoa ho distillate ea lihlahisoa tsa oli le khase. Likarolo tsa mafura a diesel, tseo tlhahiso ea tsona e fanoang ke maemo ana, li khetholloa ke litekanyo tse latelang:

1. Nomoro ea Cetane - 47 ... 48.
2. Boima, lik'hilograma / m³ - 890… 850.
3. E tiileng e qamathelang, limilimithara²/ s - 1,5 .... 4,5.
4. flash point, ^ºC - 30… 40.
5. tšela ntlha, ^ºC, eseng ka holimo ho -42.
6. Likahare tsa metsi, %, ha li fete 0,2.

Ho sheba mafura a disele liteisheneng tsa khase WOG/OKKO/Ukr.Avto. Dizeli ka serame -20.

Tlhaloso e khuts'oane ea mefuta ea mafura a diesel

Likarolo tsa mafura a diesel li khetholloa ka matšoao a latelang:

Ho ea ka sebabole, se khethollang botsoalle ba tikoloho ea mafura:

• sehlopha sa I (ho fihlela ho 350 mg / kg sebabole);
• sehlopha sa II (ho fihlela ho 50 mg / kg sebabole);
• sehlopha sa III (ho fihlela ho 10 mg / kg ea sebabole).

Moeli o ka tlase oa ho sefa. Likarolo tse 6 tsa mafura li kentsoe:

• A - moeli o tlase oa ho sefa 5ºС;
• B - moeli o tlase oa ho sefa 0^ºLE;
• C - moeli o tlase oa ho sefa -5^ºLE;
• D - moeli o tlase oa ho sefa -10^ºLE;
• E - moeli o tlase oa ho sefa -15^ºLE;
• F - moeli o tlase oa ho sefa -20^ºC.

Ho feta moo bakeng sa libaka tse nang le boemo ba leholimo bo batang:

• sehlopha sa 0 (-20^ºHO TSOA);
• sehlopha sa 1 (-26^ºHO TSOA);
• sehlopha sa 2 (-32^ºHO TSOA);
• sehlopha sa 3 (-38^ºHO TSOA);
• sehlopha sa 4 (-44^ºC).

Bakeng sa limela tsa diesel tse sebelisoang libakeng tse nang le mocheso o batang, lengolo la K le kenngoa ka har'a letšoao, le khethollang theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea mafura - catalytic dewaxing. Mefuta e latelang e kentsoe:

• DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ka mocheso o seng ka tlase ho -32^ºLE;
• DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ka mocheso o seng ka tlase ho -38^ºLE;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) bakeng sa ho sebelisoa mochesong o seng ka tlase ho -44^ºLE;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) bakeng sa ho sebelisoa mochesong o seng ka tlase ho -48^ºLE;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) bakeng sa ho sebelisoa mochesong o seng ka tlase ho -52^ºC.

Lethathamo le felletseng la matšoao le fanoa litifikeiting tsa boleng bakeng sa sehlopha sa mafura a diesel.