Lisebelisoa tsa Smart Energy

Tlhokahalo ea matla lefatšeng ka bophara e hakanngoa hore e tla hola hoo e ka bang liphesente tse 2,2 ka selemo. Sena se bolela hore tšebeliso ea matla ea lefats'e ka bophara ea lihora tse fetang 20 tsa petawatt e tla nyolohela ho lihora tse 2030 tsa petawatt ka 33. Ka nako e tšoanang, ho hatisoa ho sebelisoa matla ka tsela e molemo ho feta leha e le neng pele.

1. Auto in smart grid

Likhakanyo tse ling li bolela esale pele hore lipalangoang li tla ja karolo e fetang 2050 lekholong ea tlhokahalo ea motlakase ka 10, haholo-holo ka lebaka la botumo bo ntseng bo eketseha ba likoloi tsa motlakase le tsa motlakase.

haeba ho tjhaja betri ya koloi ya motlakase ha e laoloe ka nepo kapa ha e sebetse ka bo eona ho hang, ho na le kotsi ea ho jara litlhōrō ka lebaka la libeteri tse ngata haholo tse lefshoang ka nako e le 'ngoe. Tlhokahalo ea litharollo tse lumellang likoloi ho lefisoa ka nako e nepahetseng (1).

Litsamaiso tsa motlakase tsa khale tsa lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo, tseo ho tsona motlakase o neng o hlahisoa haholo ho lifeme tsa motlakase tse bohareng le ho isoa ho bareki ka lithapo tsa phetisetso ea matla a phahameng le marang-rang a mahareng le a tlase, ha a tšoanelehe ho latela litlhoko tsa mehla e mecha.

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, re ka boela ra bona tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea litsamaiso tse ajoang, bahlahisi ba matla ba banyenyane ba ka arolelanang chelete e setseng le 'maraka. Ba na le karolo e kholo litsamaisong tse ajoang. mehloli ea matla a tsosolositsoeng.

Bukana ea mantsoe a marang-rang a bohlale

MOTSOALLE - e khuts'oane bakeng sa Advanced Metering Infrastructure. E bua ka meaho ea lisebelisoa le software e nolofalletsang puisano le limithara tsa motlakase, pokello ea lintlha tsa matla le tlhahlobo ea lintlha tsena.

moloko o ajoang - tlhahiso ea matla ka lits'ebetso tse nyane tse fehlang kapa lisebelisoa tse hokahaneng ka kotloloho ho marang-rang a kabo kapa tse fumanehang ka har'a sistimi ea matla ea moamoheli (ka morao ho taolo le lisebelisoa tsa metering), hangata e hlahisa motlakase ho tsoa mehloling ea matla e nchafalitsoeng kapa e sa tloaelehang, hangata e kopantsoe le tlhahiso ea mocheso (cogeneration e ajoang). ). . Marang-rang a fetisoang a ka kenyelletsa, mohlala, li-prosumers, likoporasi tsa matla kapa litsi tsa motlakase tsa masepala.

mitha e bohlale - meter ea motlakase e hole e nang le ts'ebetso ea ho fetisetsa data ea metering ea tšebeliso ea matla ka bo eona ho mofani oa thepa mme ka hona e fana ka menyetla e mengata ea ts'ebeliso ea motlakase e hlokolosi.

Mohloli oa matla a manyenyane - setsi sa tlhahiso ea motlakase se nang le matla a fokolang, hangata se sebelisetsoang ho iphelisa. Mehloli e menyenyane e ka ba limela tse nyane tsa letsatsi, tsa motlakase kapa tsa moea, li-microturbine tse tsamaeang ka khase ea tlhaho kapa biogas, likarolo tse nang le lienjine tsa khase ea tlhaho kapa tsa biogas.

Prosumer - mosebelisi ea nang le matla a hlokolosi ea hlahisang matla bakeng sa litlhoko tsa hae, mohlala, ka li-microsources, 'me o rekisa phaello e sa sebelisoang ho marang-rang a kabo.

Litefiso tse matla - litefiso tse nkang liphetoho tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ka litheko tsa matla.

Nako e hlokomelehang ea sebaka

Ho rarolla mathata ana (2) ho hloka marang-rang a nang le lisebelisoa tsa "ho nahana" tse tenyetsehang tse tla tsamaisa matla hantle moo a hlokahalang. Qeto e joalo marang-rang a matla a bohlale - netweke ya phepelo ya motlakase e bohlale.

2. Liphephetso tse tobaneng le 'maraka oa matla

Ka kakaretso, marang-rang a bohlale ke tsamaiso ea matla e kopanyang ka bohlale mesebetsi ea barupeluoa bohle lits'ebetsong tsa tlhahiso, phetisetso, kabo le ts'ebeliso e le ho fana ka motlakase ka mokhoa oa moruo, o tsitsitseng le o bolokehileng (3).

Sepheo sa eona se seholo ke kamano pakeng tsa barupeluoa bohle 'marakeng oa matla. Marang-rang a hokahanya lisebelisoa tsa motlakase, tse kholo le tse nyane, le basebelisi ba matla ka sebopeho se le seng. E ka ba teng 'me ea sebetsa ka lebaka la likarolo tse peli: automation e hahiloeng holim'a li-sensor tse tsoetseng pele le sistimi ea ICT.

Ka mantsoe a bonolo: marang-rang a bohlale a "tseba" moo le neng moo tlhokahalo e kholo ea matla le phepelo e kholo ka ho fetisisa e hlahang, 'me e ka lebisa matla a feteletseng moo a hlokahalang haholo. Ka lebaka leo, marang-rang a joalo a ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso, botšepehi le ts'ireletso ea ketane ea phepelo ea matla.

3. Smart grid - morero oa motheo

4. Libaka tse tharo tsa marang-rang a bohlale, lipakane le melemo e hlahang ho tsona

Marang-rang a bohlale E u lumella ho nka ho baloa ha limithara tsa motlakase, ho lekola boemo ba kamohelo le marang-rang, hammoho le boemo ba kamohelo ea matla, ho tseba tšebeliso e seng molaong ea matla, tšitiso ea limithara le tahlehelo ea matla, ho khaola / hokela moamoheli hole, ho fetola litefiso, polokelo ea litaba. le bili ea boleng ba ho bala le mesebetsi e meng (4).

Ho thata ho tseba ka nepo tlhoko ea motlakase, ka hona hangata sistimi e tlameha ho sebelisa sebaka seo ho thoeng ke se chesang. Tšebeliso ea tlhahiso e ajoang (sheba Smart Grid Glossary) hammoho le Smart Grid e ka fokotsa haholo tlhoko ea ho boloka mehloli e meholo e sebetsa ka botlalo.

Pilara li-grids tse bohlale ho na le mokhoa o pharalletseng oa ho metha, oa ho bala libuka ka bohlale (5). E kenyelletsa litsamaiso tsa likhokahano tse fetisang lintlha tsa tekanyo libakeng tsa liqeto, hammoho le tlhaiso-leseling e bohlale, ponelopele le li-algorithms tsa ho etsa liqeto.

Mehaho ea pele ea liteko tsa "smart" metering system e se e ntse e hahuoa, e koahelang litoropo kapa litoropo. Ka lebaka la bona, har'a tse ling, u ka tsebahatsa moputso oa hora bakeng sa bareki ka bomong. Sena se bolela hore ka linako tse itseng tsa letsatsi, theko ea motlakase bakeng sa moreki a le mong e tla be e le tlase, kahoo ho bohlokoa ho bulela, mohlala, mochine oa ho hlatsoa.

Ho ea ka bo-rasaense ba bang, joalo ka sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba Setsi sa Jeremane sa Max Planck se Göttingen se etelletsoeng pele ke Mark Timm, limilione tsa limithara tse bohlale li ka etsa hore nakong e tlang ho be le boipuso ka ho feletseng. marangrang a ikemetseng, e arotsoe joalo ka Marang-rang, 'me e sireletsehile hobane e hanyetsana le litlhaselo tseo litsamaiso tse bohareng li pepesehang ho tsona.

Matla a tsoang ho bongata

Mehloli ea motlakase e nchafalitsoeng Ka lebaka la matla a manyane a yuniti (RES) ke mehloli e ajoang. Ea ho qetela e kenyelletsa mehloli e nang le matla a yuniti e ka tlase ho 50-100 MW, e kentsoeng haufi le mosebelisi oa ho qetela oa matla.

Leha ho le joalo, ka ts'ebetso, moeli oa mohloli o nkoang e le mohloli o abuoang o fapana haholo ho ea ka linaha, mohlala, Sweden ke 1,5 MW, New Zealand 5 MW, USA 5 MW, UK 100 MW. .

Ka palo e lekaneng ea mehloli e hasaneng sebakeng se senyenyane sa sistimi ea motlakase le ka lebaka la menyetla eo ba fanang ka eona. li-grids tse bohlale, hoa khoneha ebile ho na le phaello ho kopanya mehloli ena ho tsamaiso e le 'ngoe e laoloang ke opareitara, ho theha "setsi sa matla a sebele".

Sepheo sa eona ke ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa tlhahiso ea motlakase tsamaisong e le 'ngoe e hokahaneng ka mokhoa o utloahalang, ho eketsa katleho ea tekheniki le moruo ea tlhahiso ea motlakase. Pheliso e ajoang e haufi le basebelisi ba matla e ka boela ea sebelisa mehloli ea mafura ea lehae, ho kenyeletsoa biofuel le matla a tsosolositsoeng, esita le litšila tsa masepala.

Setsi sa motlakase se hokelang mehloli e mengata e fapaneng ea matla sebakeng se itseng (hydro, moea, lifeme tsa motlakase oa photovoltaic, li-turbine tsa potoloho tse kopaneng, lijenereithara tse tsamaisoang ke enjene, joalo-joalo) le polokelo ea matla (litanka tsa metsi, libeteri) tse laoloang hole. tsamaiso e pharaletseng ea IT.

Mosebetsi oa bohlokoa ho thehoeng ha limela tsa motlakase oa sebele o lokela ho bapaloa ke lisebelisoa tsa polokelo ea matla, tse lumellang ho fetola tlhahiso ea motlakase ho fetola letsatsi le leng le le leng litlhoko tsa bareki. Hangata matamo a joalo ke libeteri kapa li-supercapacitor; liteishene tsa polokelo tse pompetsoeng li ka bapala karolo e tšoanang.

Sebaka se leka-lekaneng ka matla, se etsang setsi sa motlakase se bonahalang, se ka aroloa ho marang-rang a matla ho sebelisa li-switches tsa morao-rao. Phetoho e joalo e sireletsa, e etsa mosebetsi oa ho lekanya le ho hokahanya tsamaiso le marang-rang.

Lefatshe le ntse le hlalefa

W li-grids tse bohlale ha joale e tseteloa ke lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa matla lefatšeng. Europe, mohlala, EDF (Fora), RWE (Jeremane), Iberdrola (Spain) le British Gas (UK).

6. Smart grid e kopanya mehloli ea setso le e ka nchafatsoang

Ntho ea bohlokoa ea mofuta ona oa tsamaiso ke marang-rang a kabo ea lithelefono, e fanang ka phetisetso ea IP e ka tšeptjoang ea litsela tse peli pakeng tsa lits'ebetso tse bohareng tsa kopo le limithara tse bohlale tsa motlakase tse fumanehang ka ho toba qetellong ea tsamaiso ea matla, qetellong ea bareki.

Hajoale, marang-rang a kholo ka ho fetesisa a lefats'e a mehala bakeng sa litlhoko Smart Grid ho tsoa ho li-operator tse kholo ka ho fetisisa linaheng tsa bona - tse kang LightSquared (USA) kapa EnergyAustralia (Australia) - li hlahisoa ka theknoloji ea Wimax wireless.

Ho phaella moo, ea pele le e 'ngoe ea ts'ebetsong e kholo ka ho fetisisa e reriloeng ea tsamaiso ea AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) Poland, e leng karolo ea bohlokoa ea marang-rang a bohlale a Energa Operator SA, e kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea tsamaiso ea Wimax bakeng sa ho fetisetsa data.

Monyetla oa bohlokoa oa tharollo ea Wimax mabapi le mahlale a mang a sebelisoang lekaleng la matla bakeng sa phetiso ea data, joalo ka PLC, ke hore ha ho na tlhoko ea ho tima likarolo tsohle tsa lithapo tsa motlakase maemong a tšohanyetso.

7. Phiramide ea matla Europe

Mmuso oa Chaena o thehile leano le leholo la nako e telele la ho tsetela lits'ebetsong tsa metsi, ho ntlafatsa le ho holisa marang-rang a phetiso le meaho libakeng tsa mahaeng, le li-grids tse bohlale. China State Grid Corporation e rera ho li tsebisa ka 2030.

Mokhatlo oa Japane oa Indasteri ea Motlakase o rera ho theha marang-rang a bohlale a tsamaisoang ke letsatsi ka 2020 ka tšehetso ea mmuso. Hajoale, lenaneo la mmuso la ho leka matla a elektroniki bakeng sa marang-rang a bohlale le ntse le kengoa tšebetsong Jeremane.

Motlakase "super grid" o tla thehoa linaheng tsa EU, tseo ka tsona matla a tsosolositsoeng a tla ajoa, haholo-holo ho tloha mapolasing a moea. Ho fapana le marang-rang a setso, e ke ke ea itšetleha ka ho fapanyetsana, empa ho latela motlakase o tobileng (DC).

Lichelete tsa Europe li tšehelitse lenaneo la lipatlisiso le koetliso le amanang le morero MEDOW, e kopanyang liunivesithi le baemeli ba indasteri ea matla. MEDOW ke khutsufatso ea lebitso la Senyesemane "Multi-terminal DC Grid For Offshore Wind".

Lenaneo la koetliso le lebelletsoe ho tsoela pele ho fihlela Hlakubele 2017. Pōpo marang-rang a matla a tsosolositsoeng ka tekanyo ea k'honthinente le khokahanyo e sebetsang ho marang-rang a teng (6) e utloahala ka lebaka la litšobotsi tse khethehileng tsa matla a tsosolositsoeng, a khetholloang ke ho feta nako le nako kapa ho haella ha matla.

Lenaneo la Smart Peninsula le sebetsang Hel Peninsula le tsebahala haholo indastering ea matla ea Poland. Ke mona moo Energa e kentseng tšebetsong litsamaiso tsa pele tsa naha tsa teko ea ho bala re le ka thōko 'me e na le lisebelisoa tse loketseng tsa theknoloji bakeng sa morero, tse tla ntlafatsoa le ho feta.

Sebaka sena ha sea khethoa ka tšohanyetso. Sebaka sena se khetholloa ke ho feto-fetoha ho hoholo ha tšebeliso ea matla (tšebeliso e phahameng lehlabula, haholo mariha), e leng se bakang phephetso e eketsehileng bakeng sa baenjiniere ba matla.

Sistimi e kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ha ea lokela ho khetholloa feela ka ts'epo e phahameng, empa hape ka ho feto-fetoha ha maemo tšebeletsong ea bareki, ho ba lumella ho ntlafatsa tšebeliso ea matla, ho fetola litefiso tsa motlakase le ho sebelisa mehloli e meng e hlahang ea matla (liphanele tsa photovoltaic, li-turbine tse nyenyane tsa moea, joalo-joalo).

Morao tjena, tlhahisoleseding e boetse e hlahile hore Polskie Sieci Energetyczne e batla ho boloka matla ka libeteri tse matla tse nang le bonyane ba 2 MW. Mokhanni o rera ho haha ​​​​libaka tsa polokelo ea matla Poland tse tla tšehetsa marang-rang a matla ka ho etsa bonnete ba hore phepelo e tsoela pele ha mehloli ea matla a tsosolositsoeng (RES) e emisa ho sebetsa ka lebaka la khaello ea moea kapa ka mor'a lefifi. Joale motlakase o tsoang ntlong ea polokelo o tla ea ho marang-rang.

Teko ea tharollo e ka qala nakong ea lilemo tse peli. Ho latela tlhaiso-leseling e seng molaong, Majapane a tsoang Hitachi a fana ka PSE ho lekola lijana tse matla tsa betri. Betri e joalo ea lithium-ion e khona ho fana ka matla a 1 MW.

Matlo a polokelo a ka boela a fokotsa tlhoko ea ho atolosa lifeme tse tloaelehileng tsa motlakase nakong e tlang. Mapolasi a moea, a khetholloang ka phapang e phahameng ea tlhahiso ea matla (ho itšetlehile ka maemo a leholimo), e qobella indasteri ea motlakase ea setso ho boloka polokelo ea matla e le hore li-windmill li ka nkeloa sebaka kapa li tlatselletsoa ka nako leha e le efe ka matla a fokotsehileng.

Basebelisi ho pholletsa le Europe ba tsetela polokelong ea matla. Haufinyane tjena, Mabrithani a ile a qala ho kenya mofuta o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa mofuta ona k'honthinenteng ea rona. Setsi sa Leighton Buzzard haufi le London se khona ho boloka matla a fihlang ho 10 MWh le ho fana ka matla a 6 MW.

Ka mor'a hae ke S&C Electric, Samsung, hammoho le UK Power Networks le Younicos. Ka September 2014, k'hamphani ea ho qetela e ile ea haha ​​​​sebaka sa pele sa polokelo ea matla a khoebo Europe. E thakgotswe Schwerin, Jeremane mme e na le matla a 5 MW.

Tokomane ya “Smart Grid Projects Outlook 2014” e na le diporojeke tse 459 tse kentsweng tshebetsong ho tloha ka 2002, moo tshebediso ya dithekenoloji tse ntjha, bokgoni ba ICT (teleinformation) e kentseng letsoho ho thehoeng ha “gridi e bohlale”.

Hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore merero e ne e nkoa e le hore bonyane Naha e le 'ngoe ea Litho tsa EU e ile ea kenya letsoho (e ne e le molekane) (7). Sena se tlisa palo ea linaha tse tlalehiloeng tlalehong ena ho 47.

Ho fihlela joale, li-euro tse limilione tse likete tse 3,15 li se li abetsoe merero ena, le hoja karolo ea 48 lekholong ea eona e e-s'o phethoe. Merero ea R&D hajoale e ja li-euro tse limilione tse 830, athe tlhahlobo le ts'ebetsong li bitsa li-euro tse limilione tse likete tse 2,32.

Har'a bona, motho ka mong, Denmark e kenya chelete ka ho fetisisa. Fora le UK, ka lehlakoreng le leng, li na le merero e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e reriloeng, e etsang kakaretso ea li-euro tse limilione tse 5 morerong o mong le o mong.

Ha li bapisoa le linaha tsena, linaha tsa Europe Bochabela li ile tsa mpefala le ho feta. Ho ea ka tlaleho, ba hlahisa feela 1% ea chelete eohle ea lichelete tsa merero ena kaofela. Ka palo ea merero e kentsoeng tšebetsong, tse hlano tse holimo ke: Jeremane, Denmark, Italy, Spain le Fora. Poland e nkile sebaka sa bo18 maemong.

Switzerland e ne e le ka pele ho rōna, e lateloa ke Ireland. Tlas'a lepetjo la marang-rang a bohlale, litharollo tse nang le takatso e matla, tse batlang li tlisa phetoho li ntse li kengoa ts'ebetsong libakeng tse ngata ho pota lefatše. merero ea ho nchafatsa tsamaiso ea motlakase.

E 'ngoe ea mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ke Ontario Smart Infrastructure Project (2030), e lokiselitsoeng lilemong tsa morao tjena mme e lebelletsoe ho nka lilemo tse 8.

8. Moralo oa ho tsamaisa Smart Grid profinseng ea Canada ea Ontario.

Livaerase tsa matla?

Leha ho le joalo, haeba marangrang a matla ho tšoana le Marang-rang, u tlameha ho ela hloko hore e ka 'na ea tobana le litšokelo tse tšoanang le tseo re tobanang le tsona marang-rang a kajeno a lik'homphieutha.

9. Liroboto tse etselitsoeng ho sebetsa marang-rang a matla

F-Secure Laboratories haufinyane e lemositse ka tšokelo e ncha e rarahaneng ho litsamaiso tsa lits'ebeletso tsa indasteri, ho kenyeletsoa le marang-rang a matla. E bitsoa Havex 'me e sebelisa mokhoa o mocha o tsoetseng pele haholo ho tšoaetsa likhomphutha.

Havex e na le likarolo tse peli tse kholo. Ea pele ke software ea Trojan, e sebelisetsoang ho laola tsamaiso e hlasetsoeng ka thōko. Ntho ea bobeli ke seva sa PHP.

Trojan pere e ne e khomaretsoe ke bahlaseli ho software ea APCS / SCADA e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho shebella tsoelo-pele ea mekhoa ea theknoloji le tlhahiso. Bahlaseluoa ba khoasolla mananeo a joalo libakeng tse khethehileng, ba sa hlokomele tšokelo.

Bahlaseluoa ba Havex e ne e le litsi tsa Europe le lik'hamphani tse amehang litharollong tsa indasteri. Karolo ea khoutu ea Havex e fana ka maikutlo a hore baetsi ba eona, ntle le ho batla ho utsoa lintlha tse mabapi le mekhoa ea tlhahiso, ba ka boela ba susumetsa tsela ea bona.

10. Libaka tsa marang-rang a bohlale

Bangoli ba malware ana ba ne ba thahasella haholo marang-rang a matla. Mohlomong ke ntho e tlang tsamaiso e bohlale ea matla liroboto le tsona li tla etsa joalo.

Haufinyane tjena, bafuputsi ba Univesithi ea Michigan Tech ba thehile mofuta oa liroboto (9) o isang matla libakeng tse anngoeng ke ho khaoha ha motlakase, joalo ka tse bakiloeng ke likoluoa ​​​​tsa tlhaho.

Mechini ea mofuta ona, mohlala, e ka khutlisetsa motlakase litsing tsa mehala ea likhokahano (litora le liteishene tsa motheo) e le ho etsa mesebetsi ea pholoso ka katleho. Liroboto li ikemela, tsona ka botsona li khetha tsela e molemohali ea ho ea moo li eang teng.

Li ka 'na tsa e-ba le libeteri holim'a boto kapa liphanele tsa letsatsi. Ba ka fepana. Moelelo le mesebetsi li-grids tse bohlale ho feta matla a maholo (10).

Mehaho ea motheo e entsoeng ka tsela ena e ka sebelisoa ho theha bophelo bo bocha bo bohlale ba mohala oa nako e tlang, bo thehiloeng ho theknoloji ea morao-rao. Ho fihlela joale, re ka inahanela feela melemo (empa le melemo) ea mofuta ona oa tharollo.