E ntse e hahoa le megaprojects e reriloeng. Lintho tse kholo le tse theko e boima tse tla makatsa lefatše
Tse ka hare
Ho se ho fetile matsatsi ao ka âona merero ea boleng ba limilione e ileng ea khahloa. Esita le batho ba limilione tse makholo ha ba sa sisinyeha. Kajeno, sena se hloka libilione, 'me litÅ¡enyehelo tsa merero e kholo ka ho fetisisa li fihla ho makholo a limilione tse likete. Inflation ke eona e ikarabellang ho isa bohÅleng bo itseng ho sena, empa hase lebaka la bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa lipalo tsena tse kholo. Merero le merero e meholohali ea lekholo la bo XNUMX la lilemo li ntle haholo.
Sebaka sa setso sa megaprojects ke lipono tsa marokho a maholo le lithanele. Mehaho e mengata e tsotehang ea mofuta ona e hahiloe 'me e ntse e hahuoa lefatÅ¡eng ka bophara, joalokaha Young Technician a ile a ngola ka makhetlo a mangata. Leha ho le joalo, litoro ha lia khotsofala. Ba hula merero ha e sa le "mega", empa esita le "giga". E 'ngoe ea maikutlo a joalo ke, mohlala, borokho ka mose ho Bering Strait (1), ke hore, likhokahano tsa litsela lipakeng tsa Amerika Leboea le Asia, tse nyane empa ho ntse ho le joalo borokho bo matla ho feta Isthmus ea Darien pakeng tsa Amerika Leboea le Boroa, eo hajoale e sa tsamaeeng ke koloi efe kapa efe mme e tlameha ho tsamaisoa ke leoatle, borokho le kotopo lipakeng tsa Gibraltar le Afrika, kotopo e kopanyang Sweden le Finland ntle le tlhokahalo ea ho sebelisa seketsoana kapa ho feta Koung ea Bothnia, lithanele tse kopanyang Japane le Korea, Chaena ho ea Taiwan, Egepeta ho ea Saudi Arabia tlasâa Leoatle le Lefubelu, le Tunnel ea Sakhalin-Hokkaido e kopanyang Japane le Russia. .
Tsena ke merero e ka hlalosoang e le giga. Hajoale hangata ke litoro. Litekanyo tse nyenyane, i.e. lihlekehleke tsa maiketsetso tse hahiloeng Azerbaijan, morero o moholo oa tsosoloso ea Turkey Istanbul le kaho ea mosikiti o mocha Mecca Masjid al-Haram Saudi Arabia e feta lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse lekholo. Ho sa tsotellehe mathata a mangata ka ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha maikutlo ana a sebete lethathamo la megaprojects ho e-na le hoo, e tla nka nako e telele le ho feta. Ho na le mabaka a mangata a fapaneng a hore na ke hobane'ng ha li amoheloa.
E 'ngoe ea tsona ke kholo ea litoropo. Ha batho ba tloha libakeng tsa mahaeng ho ea litoropong le litsi tsa baahi ba ntse ba eketseha, tlhokahalo ea matsete a maholo ho meralo ea motheo ea eketseha. Ba lokela ho sebetsana le lipalangoang le likhokahano, tsamaiso ea metsi, likhoerekhoere, phepelo ea matla. Litlhoko tsa baahi ba tsepamisitsoeng metseng e meholo li feta haholo litlhoko tsa baahi ba qhalakaneng libakeng tsa mahaeng. Ha se feela ka litlhoko tsa mantlha, empa hape le ka litabatabelo, matÅ¡oao a toropo e kholo. Ho na le takatso e ntseng e hÅla ea ho hlahella le ho khahlisa lefatÅ¡e lohle. Megaprojects li fetoha mohloli oa motlotlo oa sechaba le letÅ¡oao la boemo bakeng sa linaha tse tsoelang pele moruong. Ha e le hantle, mona ke sebaka se nonneng sa likhoebo tse kholo.
Ehlile, ho boetse ho na le sehlopha sa merero e batlang e utloahala haholoanyane ea moruo. Merero e meholo e bolela mesebetsi e mengata e mecha. Ho sebetsana le mathata a ho hloka mosebetsi le ho itšehla thajana ha batho ba bangata ho bohlokoa hoho ntshetsa pele ditshabelo. Matsete a maholo ho lithanele, marokho, matamo, litsela tse kholo, boema-fofane, lipetlele, liqhobosheane, mapolasi a moea, lisebelisoa tsa oli tse lebopong la leoatle, mekelikeli ea aluminium, lits'ebetso tsa puisano, Lipapali tsa Liolimpiki, maeto a moea le a sepakapaka, li-accelerators, litoropo tse ncha le merero e meng e mengata. . matlafatsa moruo kaofela.
Kahoo, 2021 ke selemo sa ho tsoelapele ka letoto la matsete a maholo joalo ka morero oa London Crossrail, ntlafatso e kholo ea sistimi e teng ea metro, morero o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa kaho o kileng oa etsoa Europe, katoloso ea LNG Qatar, morero o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa LNG naheng. lefats'e le nang le bokhoni ba lithane tse limilione tse 32 ka selemo, hammoho le ho thakholoa ha merero e mengata e meholo, joalo ka kaho ea 2021 ea setsi se seholohali sa lefats'e sa ho tlosa letsoai ka metsing a leoatle toropong ea Agadir, Morocco.
Hohela tlhokomelo
Ho ea ka setsebi sa maano a lefats'e sa India-Amerika, Paraga Khanna, re fetoha tsoelopele e hokahaneng lefatšeng ka bopharahobane ke seo re se hahang. "Re phela ka lisebelisoa tsa motheo tse etselitsoeng baahi ba limilione tse likete tse tharo ha baahi ba rona ba ntse ba atamela limilione tse likete tse robong," Hanna o re puisanong. "Ha e le hantle, re tlameha ho sebelisa lidolara tse ka bang bilione e le 'ngoe molemong oa mantlha oa batho ba limilione tse likete lefatšeng."
Ho hakanngoa hore joalo ka ha merero e meholohali e reriloeng le ho qalisoa ha joale, ho ka etsahala hore re sebelise chelete e ngata holima meralo ea motheo lilemong tse 40 tse tlang ho feta lilemong tse 4 tse fetileng.
Mehlala ea lipono tse sebete li fumaneha habonolo. Megaprojects joalo ka Grand Canal Nicaragua, Tokyo-Osaka Magnetic Railway e Japane, Machabeng Teko ea fusion reactor [ITER] Fora, mohaho o molelele ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng Azerbaijan, Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor India, le King Abdullah City e Saudi Arabia. Potso e 'ngoe - neng le maemong afe - na lipono tsena li tla phethahala ho hang. Leha ho le joalo, hangata phatlalatso ea megaproject e na le phello e kholo ea leshano le phello e bonahalang ea moruo e bakoang ke thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ea tlhokomelo ea mecha ea litaba ho potoloha toropo, sebaka le naha.
Ka tÅ¡epo ea ho hohela tlhokomelo, mohlomong India e qalile lilemong tse ngata tse fetileng ho haha ââseemahale se selelele ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng, seemahale sa limithara tse 182 sa Sardar Patel, eo e neng e le Letona la Lehae la pele le Motlatsi oa Tonakholo ea India e ikemetseng. Ha ho bapisoa, seemahale sa Morena Crazy Horse e South Dakota, se nkileng mashome a lilemo ho hahuoa, se lokela ho ba bolelele ba limithara tse fetang 170 feela. Mehaho ena ka bobeli e tsejoa lefatÅ¡eng ka bophara âme ho buuoa ka eona likhatisong tse ngata. Kahoo ka linako tse ling seemahale se seholo se lekane, 'me ha ho hlokahale ho se qeta.
Ho latela Bent Flivbjerg, moprofesa oa tsamaiso Univesithing ea Oxford, karolo ea moruo e amehang ho megaprojects hajoale ke 8% ea lihlahisoa tsa lefats'e tsa lefats'e. Ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore e ngata megaprojects e feta litÅ¡enyehelo, 'me boholo ba tsona li nka nako e telele ho haha ââââho feta kamoo ho neng ho reriloe kateng, ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea moruo oa lefatÅ¡e oa kajeno.
Flivbjerg e boetse e hlokometse hore batsamaisi ba merero ba na le tšekamelo ea ho hakanya melemo e lebelletsoeng ho feta tekano, ho nyenyefatsa litšenyehelo, le ho feteletsa melemo ea bokamoso ba sechaba le moruo. Leha ho le joalo, le ha lintho li sa tsamaee hantle, hangata batho ha ba tsotelle. Ha ba tsotelle likopo tse fosahetseng tsa melemo ea litšenyehelo, chelete e senyehileng, kapa ntoa ea lipolotiki e hlokahalang ho fumana leseli le letala. Ba mpa ba batla hore ho etsahale ntho e nang le morero sechabeng kapa tikolohong ea habo bona, e leng ntho e hapang tlhokomelo ea lefatše.
Leha ho le joalo, megalomania e se nang letho sebakeng sena e ntse e fokotseha. Histori ea megaprojectsjoalo ka liphiramide tsa Egepeta le Lerako le Leholo la Chaena esale li mamella bopaki ba katleho ea motho, haholo-holo ka lebaka la bongata bo makatsang ba mosebetsi oa batho o keneng pÅpong ea bona. Kajeno ha e felle feela ka boholo, chelete le bohlokoa ba morero. Megaprojects e ntse e eketseha ho ba le boemo ba sebele ba moruo. Haeba lefats'e le eketsa tÅ¡ebeliso ea chelete ka kakaretso ho meralo ea motheo ho $ 9 trillion ka selemo, joalo ka ha Parag Khanna e boletse ka holimo, bohlokoa ba megaprojects moruong bo tla eketseha ho tloha ho 8% ea hona joale. GDP ea lefats'e ho ea ho hoo e ka bang 24%, ho ela hloko litla-morao tsohle. Kahoo, ts'ebetsong ea mehopolo e meholo e ka ikarabella hoo e ka bang kotara ea moruo oa lefatÅ¡e.
Hoa khoneha ho eketsa melemo e meng, ntle le lipolotiking le sechabeng, e seng ea moruo ho tsoa ho kenngoeng ha merero e meholo. Ena ke tÅ¡imo eohle ea ts'usumetso ea thekenoloji e hlahisoang ke boqapi, ho fana ka mabaka, joalo-joalo Bakeng sa baenjiniere mererong ea mofuta ona, ho na le sebaka sa ho ithorisa, ka boqhetseke ho sutumetsa meeli ea bokhoni ba tekheniki le tsebo. Ha rea ââlokela ho lebala hore boholo ba boiteko bona bo boholo bo lebisa ho thehoeng ha lintho tse ntle, lefa le sa feleng la setso sa batho ba lintho tse bonahalang.
Litoro ho tloha botebong ba leoatle ho ea sebakeng se tebileng
Ho phaella marokhong a maholo, lithanele, mehaho e melelele, meaho e hÅlang ho isa tekanyong ea metse e mecha, mecha ea litaba e ntse e phatlalatsoa kajeno. moralo oa bokamosotse senang bophara bo hlalosoang. Li thehiloe mohopolong o itseng oa tekheniki joalo ka merero e mengata ea kaho ea seporo lithapong tsa Hyperloop vacuumhangata sena se nahanoa maemong a lipalangoang tsa baeti. Ba susumetsa maikutlo a macha joalo ka marang-rang a lefats'e bakeng sa phetiso le kabo ea mangolo, liphutheloana le liphutheloana. Sistimi ea poso ea moea e ne e se e tsejoa lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo. Ho thoe'ng haeba, mehleng ea nts'etsopele ea khoebo ea e-commerce, ho theha lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang bakeng sa lefats'e lohle?
2. Pono ea lifti ea sebaka
E teng Maikutlo Mabapi le Lipolotiki. Moetapele oa China Xi Jinping o phatlalalitse morero ona hoo e ka bang lilemo tse leshome tse fetileng. Silk Road, e lokelang ho hlalosa bocha litsela tsa khoebo tsa Chaena le linaha tsa Eurasia, moo hoo e ka bang halofo ea baahi ba lefatše e lulang teng. Tsela ea khale ea silika e hahiloe mehleng ea Baroma pakeng tsa Chaena le linaha tsa Bophirimela. Morero ona o mocha o nkuoa e le o mong oa merero e meholohali ea meralo ea motheo ka chelete e hakanyetsoang ea $900 bilione. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na morero o le mong o khethehileng o ka bitsoang Tsela e Ncha ea Silika. Ho e-na le hoo ke mokhoa o rarahaneng oa lichelete tse lebisang ka litsela tse fapaneng. Ka hona, e nkoa e le morero oa lipolotiki ho feta morero oa motheo o hlalositsoeng hantle.
Ho na le litabatabelo le litaelo tse akaretsang, eseng merero e itseng lipono tsa sebaka ka ho fetisisa tsa bokamoso. Megaprojects ea sebaka e ntse e le sebakeng sa lipuisano, eseng ts'ebetsong. Tsena li kenyelletsa, mohlala, libaka tsa phomolo tsa sepakapaka, merafo ea li-asteroids, limela tsa motlakase tsa orbital, lifti tsa orbital (2), maeto a lipakeng tsa lipolanete, joalo-joalo. Ho thata ho bua ka merero ena e le ntho e ka phethahalang. Ho e-na le hoo, ka har'a moralo oa lithuto tse fapaneng tsa mahlale, ho na le liphetho tse hlahisang maemo a ka bang teng bakeng sa ho phethahala ha lipono tsena tsa mosebetsi. Ka mohlala, litšenolo tsa morao-rao mabapi le phetisetso e atlehileng ea matla ho tloha ho potoloha mahlaseli a letsatsi ho ea Lefatšeng.
3. Khopolo ea mohaho oa bolulo o phaphametseng o phaphametseng o tsoang ho Zaha Hadid Architects.
Lefapheng la ho khahleha, empa ho fihlela joale ke lipono feela lipono tse fapaneng tsa metsi (3) le tlasa metsi, lihlekehleke tse phaphametseng - libaka tsa phomolo tsa bahahlauli, mapolasi a phaphametseng bakeng sa limela tsa lefats'e le tlhapi ea leoatle, i.e. temo ea limela le liphoofolo tsa metsing ka tlas'a metsi, ho tsamaea ka sekepe kapa ka tlas'a metsi meaho ea bolulo, litoropo esita le linaha kaofela.
Lefapheng la futurism, ho boetse ho na le merero ea boemo ba leholimo le boemo ba leholimomohlala, ho laola maemo a leholimo a feteletseng a kang maholiotsoana le maholiotsoana, sefako le lifefo tsa lehlabathe, le taolo ea litšisinyeho tsa lefatše. Ho e-na le hoo, re etsa merero e meholo ea ho "laola" ho fetoha ha mahoatata, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke "Lebota le Leholo le Letala" Afrika e ka boroa ho Sahara (4). Ona ke morero o bileng teng ka lilemo tse ngata. Ka liphello life?
4. Morero o moholo oa Lebota la Green Wall Afrika
Linaha tse leshome le motso o mong li sokeloa ke katoloso ea Sahara - Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Mauritania le Senegal li lumetse ho lema lifate ho thibela tahlehelo ea mobu o lemehang.
Ka 2007, Kopano ya Aforika e ile ya hlahisa tshisinyo ya ho thea sethibelo dikhilomithara tse ka bang dikete tse supileng ho phatlalla le kontinente. Morero ona o ne o lokela ho theha mesebetsi e fetang 350. mesebetsi le ho boloka lihekthere tse limilione tse 18 tsa mobu. Leha ho le joalo, tsoelo-pele e bile butle. Ka selemo sa 2020, linaha tsa Sahel li ne li qetile karolo ea 4 lekholong feela. morero. Sena se molemo ka ho fetisisa Ethiopia, moo lipeo tse limilione tse likete tse 5,5 li lenngoeng teng. Ke limela le lipeo tse limilione tse 16,6 feela tse ileng tsa lengoa Burkina Faso, ha tse limilione tse 1,1 feela li lenngoe Chad. Ho mpefatsa boemo le ho feta, mohlomong karolo ea 80 lekholong ea lifate tse lenngoeng e ile ea shoa.
Ho phaella tabeng ea hore linaha tse kopanelang morerong ona o moholo li futsanehile âme hangata li keneletse likhohlanong tse hlometseng, mohlala ona o bontÅ¡a kamoo likhopolo tse khelosang ka boemo ba leholimo ba lefatÅ¡e le merero ea boenjiniere ba tikoloho li leng teng. Sekala se le seng le mohopolo o bonolo ha oa lekana, hobane tikoloho le tlhaho li rarahane haholo ebile li thata ho laola litsamaiso. Ke ka lebaka leo, ha ho tobane le merero e meholo ea tikoloho e chesehang, e lokelang ho thibeloa.
Race Brake ea Skyscraper
Hangata ho nkoa joalo megaprojects ea sejoale-joale, e seng e hahiloe kapa e reriloe ebile e ntse e hahuoa, e Asia, Bochabela bo Hare kapa Bochabela bo HÅle. Ho na le 'nete e itseng ho sena, empa lipono tse sebete li hlaha libakeng tse ling. Mohlala - mohopolo oa ho aha sehlekehleke sa kristale, sebopeho se seholo sa mega se nang le sebopeho sa tora e telele le e sephara e nang le sebaka se felletseng sa 2 m² ho la Moscow (500). Ka bolelele ba limithara tse 000, e tla ba e 'ngoe ea mehaho e telele ka ho fetisisa lefatÅ¡eng. Ha se skyscraper feela. Morero ona o nkuoa e le toropo e ikemetseng kahare ho toropo, e nang le limusiamo, liholo tsa boithabiso le libaesekopo. Ho nahanoa hore ena ke pelo e phelang, ea kristale ea Moscow.
5. Pono ea Crystal Island e Moscow
Ho ka ba le projeke ea Serussia. Mohlomong ha ho joalo. Mohlala oa Saudi Arabia, oo qetellong e leng mohaho o molelele oa lefatÅ¡e o fetang kâhilomithara oo pele o neng o tsejoa e le Kingdom Tower, o bontÅ¡a hore o ka fapana, le haeba kaho e se e qalile. Hajoale, matsete a Maarabo sebakeng se phahameng ka ho fetesisa sa lefatÅ¡e se emisitsoe. Ho ea ka morero, skyscraper e ne e lokela ho feta 1 km le ho ba le sebaka se ka sebelisoang sa 243 m². Sepheo se seholo sa moaho e ne e le ho ba hotele ea Four Seasons. Sebaka sa liofisi le li-condominiums tsa mabothobotho le tsona li ile tsa reroa. Tora eo e ne e boetse e lokela ho boloka sebaka se phahameng ka ho fetisisa (sa lefatÅ¡e) sa thuto ea linaleli.
E na le boemo ba e 'ngoe ea tse tsotehang ka ho fetisisa, empa e ntse e le tlas'a merero ea kaho. Falcon City of Wonders Ka Dubai. Taba e khahlisang ke hore setsi sa khoebo le boithabiso sa 12 m² se tla ba le limakatso tse ling tse supileng tsa lefats'e, ho kenyeletsoa. Eiffel Tower, Taj Mahal, liphiramide, Ho ts'epa tora ea pisa, Masimo a Hanging a Babylona, Lerako le leholo la China (6). Ho feta moo, ho tla ba le litsi tsa mabenkele, sebaka sa boikhathollo, litsi tsa malapa, litsi tsa lipapali, litsi tsa thuto, le meaho e fetang 5 ea bolulo e fapaneng ka sebopeho, sebaka le boholo.
6. Ho bokella limakatso tsa lefats'e morerong oa Falcon City of Wonders Dubai
Ho tloha nakong ya kaho Burj KhalifaHo sa tsotellehe liphatlalatso tse lerata, lebelo la bophahamo bo phahameng le theohile hanyenyane. Mehaho e filoeng mosebetsi lilemong tsa morao tjena, esita le Chaena, eo hona joale e leng mohaho o molelele o bohareng ba lefatše, e batla e le tlaase. mohlala, Shanghai Tower e sa tsoa fuoa mosebetsi, e leng mohaho o molelele ka ho fetisisa, eseng feela Shanghai, empa le Chaena eohle, o na le bophahamo ba limithara tse 632 le sebaka sohle sa 380 m². Motse-moholo oa khale oa mehaho e phahameng, New York, lilemong tse supileng tse fetileng, 000st World Trade Center (eo pele e neng e le Freedom Tower) e ile ea hahoa sebakeng sa bophahamo ba limithara tse 1 sebakeng sa World Trade Center se sentsoeng ka 541. 'Me ha ho letho le phahameng le e-s'o hahuoe USA.
Gigantomania ho tloha pheletsong e 'ngoe ea lefats'e ho ea ho e' ngoe
Ba laola lethathamo la merero e meholo ho latela chelete e sebelisitsoeng ho bona. merero ea litšebeletso tsa motheo. E nkoa e le morero o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa kaho lefatšeng o ntseng o tsoela pele. Al Maktoum International Airport e Dubai (7). Ka mor'a ho phethoa, boema-fofane bo tla khona ho amohela ka nako e le 'ngoe lifofane tse 200 tse bophara ba' mele. Litšenyehelo tsa mohato oa bobeli oa katoloso ea boema-fofane feela li hakanyetsoa ho feta $32 bilione. Kaho e ne e reretsoe ho phethoa ka 2018, leha ho le joalo mohato oa ho qetela oa katoloso o liehile mme ha ho na letsatsi le tobileng la ho phetheloa.
7. Ponahalo ea Sefofane se seholo sa Al Maktoum se Dubai.
E hahiloe naheng ea boahelani ea Saudi Arabia. Jabayl II projeke ea indasteri e qalileng ka 2014. Ha e phetheloa, morero ona o tla kenyelletsa setsi sa ho ntša letsoai ka li-cubic metres tse 800, bonyane lipolante tsa indasteri tse 100, le sebaka sa tlhoekiso ea oli se khonang ho hlahisa bonyane li-cubic metres tse 350. libarele ka letsatsi, hammoho le lik'hilomithara tsa literene, litsela le litsela tse kholo. Morero oohle o lebelletsoe ho phethoa ka 2024.
E etsahala karolong e tšoanang ea lefatše Sebaka sa boithabiso le boithabiso Dubailand. Morero ona oa $64 bilione o sebakeng sa 278 km2 mme o tla ba le likarolo tse tšeletseng: lirapeng tsa boikhathollo, litsi tsa lipapali, bohahlauli ba tikoloho, litsi tsa bongaka, libaka tsa mahlale le lihotele. Sebaka sena se tla kenyelletsa hotele e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng e nang le likamore tse 6,5 le setsi sa mabenkele se nkang sebaka se ka bang lisekoere-mithara tse milione. Ho phethoa ha morero ho reriloe ka 2025.
China e eketsa lenaneng la eona le lelelele la merero e meholo ea meralo ea meralo ea meralo le meralo ea motheo Morero o ntseng o tsoela pele oa Phetisetso ea Metsi a Boroa-Leboa (8), China. 50% ea baahi e lula karolong e ka leboea ea Chaena. ea baahi ba naha, empa baahi bana ba sebeletsoa ke karolo ea 20 lekholong feela. Mehloli ea metsi ea China. E le hore e fumane metsi moo a hlokahalang, Chaena e haha ââlikanale tse tharo tse khÅlÅ, tse bolelele ba likâhilomithara tse ka bang 48, e le hore li tlise metsi ka leboea ho linÅka tse khÅlÅhali tsa naha eo. Morero o lebelletsoe ho phethoa nakong ea lilemo tse 44,8 mme o tla fana ka li-cubic metres tsa XNUMX bilione tsa metsi selemo se seng le se seng.
8. Morero oa Chaena oa Leboea-Boroa
E boetse e hahuoa Chaena. boema-fofane bo boholo. Ha e se e phethiloe, Boema-fofane ba Machaba ba Beijing bo lebelletsoe ho feta Boema-fofane ba Machaba ba Dubai Al Maktoum, boo le bona bo ntseng bo tla hahuoa ho latela litšenyehelo tsa kaho, sebaka sa fatše, linomoro tsa bapalami le lifofane. Karolo ea pele ea morero e ile ea phethoa ka 2008, 'me katoloso e 'ngoe e reretsoe ho phethoa ka 2025.
Ho bonahala eka linaha tse ling tsa Asia li boulela tekanyo e tsotehang hakana ea Hloahloeng ea Arabia le Chaena 'me le tsona li qalisa merero e meholo. Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor ehlile e lepatlelong lena, e nang le litereke tsa indasteri tse fetang mashome a mabeli, litoropo tse robeli tse bohlale, boema-fofane tse peli, merero e mehlano ea matla, litsamaiso tse peli tse potlakileng tsa lipalangoang le libaka tse peli tsa thepa tse tla hahuoa. Karolo ea pele ea morero, e leng tsela ea ho tsamaisa thepa e hokahanyang litoropo tse peli tse kholo tsa India, e liehile 'me e kanna ea se be teng ho fihlela 2030, mme karolo ea ho qetela e reretsoe ho phethoa ka 2040.
E monyenyane le eena o ile a nka karolo tlholisanong ea mesebetsi e meholo. Sri Lanka. Colombo e tla hahoa haufi le motse-moholo oa naha. Boemakepe, setsi se secha sa lichelete se qothisanang lehlokoa le Hong Kong le Dubai. Kaho, e tšehelitsoeng ka lichelete ke batseteli ba Machaena mme e reriloeng hore e phetheloe pele ho 2041, e ka bitsa $ 15 billion.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Japane, eo e leng khale e tumme ka liporo tsa eona tse lebelo le phahameng, e haha ââseporo se secha. Chuo Shinkansen Magnetic Railroade tla o dumella ho tsamaya kapele le ho feta. Terene e lebelletsoe ho tsamaea ka lebelo la likâhilomithara tse 505 ka hora âme e nke baeti ho tloha Tokyo ho ea Nagoya, kapa likâhilomithara tse 286, ka metsotso e 40. Ho reriloe ho phethela projeke ka 2027. Hoo e ka bang karolo ea 86 lekholong ea Tsela e Ncha ea Tokyo-Nagoya e tla sebetsa ka tlas'a lefatÅ¡e, e hlokang hore ho hahoe lithanele tse ngata tse telele tse ncha.
US, eo, ka tsamaiso ea eona ea litsela tse kholo tse lipakeng, e leng maemong a sa tsitsang a holimo lethathamong la li-megaproject tse turang haholo, ha e sa tsoa tsejoa ka merero e meholo e joalo. Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se bolele hore ha ho letho le etsahalang moo. Kaho ea seporo sa lebelo le holimo California, e qalileng ka 2015 mme e lebelletsoe ho phethoa ka 2033, e lokela ho hokahanya litoropo tse robeli ho tse leshome tse kholo tsa California, ehlile e le liking.
Kaho e tla etsoa ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: mohato oa pele o tla hokahanya Los Angeles le San Francisco,' me mohato oa bobeli o tla atolosa terene ho ea San Diego le Sacramento. Literene e tla ba tsa motlakase, tse sa tloaelehang US, 'me li tla tsamaisoa ka ho feletseng ke mehloli ea matla a tsosolositsoeng. Mabelo a lokela ho tšoana le literene tsa Europe tsa lebelo le phahameng, i.e. ho fihla ho 300 km / h. Khakanyo ea morao-rao ke hore marang-rang a macha a literene tse lebelo la California a tla bitsa $80,3 bilione. Nako ea ho tsamaea ho tloha Los Angeles ho ea San Francisco e tla fokotsoa hore e be lihora tse peli le metsotso e 40.
E tla boela e hahuoe UK. Megaproject Koleiova. Morero oa HS2 o amohetsoe ke mmuso. E tla bitsa $ 125 limilione tse likete. Mokhahlelo oa pele, o lokelang ho phethoa ka 2028-2031, o tla hokahanya London le Birmingham 'me o tla hloka hore ho hahoe lik'hilomithara tse ka bang 200 tsa mela e mecha, liteishene tse ngata tse ncha le ntlafatso ea liteishene tse teng.
Afrika, Libya esale e kenya tšebetsong morero oa Great Man Made River (GMR) ho tloha ka 1985. Ha e le hantle, e ne e le morero o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa ho nosetsa lefatšeng ka bophara, o nosetsang lihekthere tse fetang 140 tsa mobu o lemehang le ho eketsa haholo ho fumaneha ha metsi a nooang libakeng tse ngata tsa litoropo tsa Libyan. GMR e fumana metsi a eona ho tsoa ho aquifer ea lejoe la lehlabathe la Nubian ka tlas'a lefatše. Morero o ne o reretsoe ho phethoa ka 2030, empa ho tloha ha lintoa le likhohlano li ntse li tsoela pele Libya ho tloha 2011, bokamoso ba morero ha bo hlake.
Afrika, tse ling le tsona li reriloe kapa li ntse li hahuoa merero e meholo ea metsie atisang ho baka likhohlano, eseng tsa tikoloho feela. Kaho ea Letamo le Leholo la Tsosoloso Nokeng ea Ethiopia e qalile ka 2011 mme kajeno e nkuoa e le e 'ngoe ea merero e meholohali Afrika. Polante ena e fehlang motlakase ka metsi e lebelletsoe ho hlahisa li-gigawatt tse ka bang 2022 tsa motlakase ha projeke e phetheloa ka 6,45. Letamo le jele chelete e ka bang $5 bilione ho aha. Mathata a morero ha a felle feela ka matšeliso a sa lekaneng bakeng sa baahi ba balehileng mahae, empa hape le merusung ea Nile, Egepeta le Sudan, linaha tse amehileng ka hore letamo la Ethiopia le sokela ho senya tsamaiso ea metsi.
Tse ling tse tsekisanoang morero o moholo oa ho fehla metsi oa Afrika, Letamo la Inga 3 naheng ea Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ha e ka ahoa, e ka ba letamo le leholo ka ho fetisisa Afrika. Leha ho le joalo, e hanyetsoa ka matla ke mekhatlo ea tikoloho le baemeli ba baahi ba sebaka seo, ba neng ba tla tlameha ho fallisetsoa ho ea phethahatsa morero.
Ho boloka metse ea khale - kaho ea metse e mecha
Merero e khahlisang ea sebaka ka seng e ntse e etsahala libakeng tse ngata lefatšeng ka bophara. Leha ho le joalo, tsena hangata ke mehlala ea boenjiniere bo makatsang le moralo o sebete o hlahisang thahasello ea lefats'e. Mehlala meaho e sirelletsang Venice likhohola. E le ho loantša tšokelo ena, mosebetsi o ile oa qala ka 2003 ho MOSE, e leng setsi se seholohali sa litšitiso tsa liranta tse libilione tse 6,1. Morero o moholo, o neng o lokela ho hlahisoa ka 2011, o ke ke oa phethoa ho fihlela 2022.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng la lefatÅ¡e, Jakarta, e leng motse-moholo oa Indonesia, e na le mathata a ho tetebela leoatleng butle-butle, a batlang a re hopotsa Venice. Joalo ka Venice, toropo e arabela tÅ¡okelong ena e teng ka ho haha ââââmarako a maholohali. Sebaka sena se rarahaneng, se bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse 35, se bitsoa Garuda e kholo (9) e lebelletsoe ho phethoa ka 2025 ka theko ea lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse 40. Leha ho le joalo, litsebi ha li lumellane mabapi le hore na morero ona oa mega o tla ba matla ka ho lekaneng ho pholosa motse-moholo oa Indonesia metsing a leoatle ...
9. Morero oa Garuda o Jakarta
Garuda e kholo ntho e kang motse-moholo o mocha oa Indonesia ho thoeng. Egepeta e boetse e batla ho aha motse-moholo o mocha. Lik'hilomithara tse mashome a mane ka bochabela ho Cairo e kholo le e nang le batho ba bangata, toropo e ncha e hloekileng e tla hahuoa ka 2022 ka theko ea lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse 45. E reriloe ka hloko le ho tsamaisoa ka matla a letsatsi, e tla khahlisa ka liqhobosheane tse telele haholo, meaho ea lifolete ea mofuta oa Parisia, sebaka se botala se makatsang habeli ho feta Central Park ea New York, le serapa sa boikhathollo se menahaneng hane ho feta Disneyland. Ka lehlakoreng le leng la Leoatle le Lefubelu, Saudi Arabia e batla ho haha ââââtoropo e ncha e bohlale e tsamaisoang ka matla ke matla a tsosolositsoeng ka 2025 morerong o bitsoang Neom (10).
10. Motse o moholo o reriloeng oa NEOM Leoatleng le Lefubelu
Thermonuclear fusion le telescope e feteletseng
Ho tsoa ho Fr.Lijana tsa sathelaete tse boholo ba sealuma, ho ea metheong ea polar moeling oa Lefatše le lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele ka ho fetisisa tse re thusang ho kena sebakeng - ke kamoo merero ea mega-science e shebahalang kateng. Mona ke kakaretso ea merero e tsoelang pele ea mahlale e lokeloa ho bitsoa megaprojects.
Ha re qaleng ka projeke ea California Mofenyi wa naha, e nang le laser e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatÅ¡eng, e sebelisetsoa ho futhumatsa le ho hatella mafura a haedrojene, ho qala ho kopana ha nyutlelie. Baenjineri le borakonteraka ba ile ba haha ââsetsi ka holim'a mabala a mararo a bolo ea maoto, ba epa lefatÅ¡e la 160 55 cubic metres le ho tlatsa ka morao ho feta 2700 cubic metres. cubic metres ea konkreite. Ka lilemo tse leshome tsa mosebetsi setsing sena, ho entsoe liteko tse fetang XNUMX, ka lebaka leo re seng re atametse. motsoako o sebetsang hantle oa matla.
Setsi sa $1,1 bilione se bophahamong ba lik'hilomithara tse fetang tse tharo ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle Lehoatateng la Atacama la Chile se ntse se hahuoa. Sebonela-hÅle se seholo haholo, ELT(11) e fetoha sebonela-hÅle se seholohali sa mahlokamoo e kileng ea hahuoa kateng.
Sesebelisoa sena se tla hlahisa litšoantšo tse hlakileng ka makhetlo a leshome le metso e tšeletseng ho feta tsena. The Extremely Large Telescope, e sebelisoang ke European Southern Observatory, e seng e ntse e sebetsa e 'ngoe ea lintho tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa linaleli lefatšeng sebakeng se haufi sa Very Large Telescope (VLT), se tla ithuta ka li-exoplanets. Mohaho ona o tla ba moholo ho feta Roman Colosseum mme o tla feta lisebelisoa tsohle tse teng tsa bolepi ba linaleli Lefatšeng. Seipone sa eona se seholo, se entsoeng ka liipone tse nyenyane tse 798, se tla ba le bophara bo hlollang ba limithara tse 39. Kaho e qalile ka 2017 mme e lebelletsoe ho nka lilemo tse robeli. Lebone la pele hajoale le reretsoe 2025.
11 Sebonela-hÅle se Seholo Haholo
E boetse e ntse e hahuoa Fora. ITERkapa Setsi sa Machabeng sa Teko sa Thermonuclear. Ona ke morero o moholo o amang linaha tse 35. Chelete e hakanyetsoang ea morero ona e ka ba $20 bilione. Sena e lokela ho ba katleho e kholo ho theheng mehloli e sebetsang ea matla a thermonuclear.
European Split Source (ESS), e hahiloeng ka 2014 Lund, Sweden, e tla ba setsi sa lipatlisiso se tsoetseng pele ka ho fetisisa tšimong. li-neutron lefatšeng ha e se e lokile ka 2025. Mosebetsi oa hae o 'nile oa tšoantšoa le microscope e sebetsang ka tekanyo e nyenyane ea atomic. Liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ho ESS li lokela ho fumaneha ho bohle ba nang le thahasello - setsi se tla fetoha karolo ea morero oa European Open Science Cloud.
Ho thata ho se bue ka morero oa mohlahlami mona E kholo Hadron Collider e Geneva, e bitsoang Future Circular Collider, le moralo oa Sechaena oa accelerator Circular Electron Positron Collider o mena ka makhetlo a mararo boholo ba LHC. Ea pele e lokela ho phethoa ka 2036, 'me ea bobeli ka 2030. Leha ho le joalo, li-megaprojects tsena tsa saense, ho fapana le tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo (le tse seng li ntse li hahuoa), li emela tebello e sa hlakang.
Megaprojects e ka fapanyetsanoa ka ho sa feleng, hobane lethathamo la litoro, merero, merero ea kaho le lintho tse seng li hahiloe, tseo, ha e le hantle, hangata li nang le mesebetsi e sebetsang, empa ka holim'a tsohle li khahla, li ntse li hÅla kamehla. 'Me e tla tsoelapele hobane litabatabelo tsa linaha, litoropo, borakhoebo le boralipolotiki ha li fokotsehe.
Merero ea mega e theko e phahameng ka ho fetesisa lefatšeng ka bophara, e teng le e e-so thehoe
(Tlhokomeliso: Litšenyehelo li ho litheko tsa hajoale tsa US$)
⢠Channel Tunnel, UK le Fora. E thehiloe ka 1994. Litšenyehelo: $ 12,1 limilione tse likete.
⢠Boema-fofane ba Machaba ba Kansai, Japane. E thehiloe ka 1994. Litšenyehelo: $ 24 limilione tse likete.
⢠Big Dig, morero oa kotopo ea litsela tlas'a toropo ea Boston, USA. E amohetsoe ka 2007. Litšenyehelo: $ 24,3 limilione tse likete.
⢠Toei Oedo Line, tsela e kholo ea Tokyo Subway e nang le liteishene tse 38, Japane. E amohetsoe ka 2000. Litšenyehelo: $ 27,8 limilione tse likete.
⢠Hinckley Point C, NPP, UK. Ho nts'etsopele. Litšenyehelo: ho fihlela ho $ 29,4 limilione tse likete.
⢠Boema-fofane ba Machaba ba Hong Kong, Chaena. E qalile ho sebetsa ka 1998. Litšenyehelo: $ 32 limilione tse likete.
⢠Tsamaiso ea lipeipi tsa Trans-Alaska, USA. E thehiloe ka 1977. Litšenyehelo: $ 34,4 limilione tse likete.
⢠Katoloso ea Dubai World Central Airport, United Arab Emirates. Ho nts'etsopele. Litšenyehelo: $ 36 limilione tse likete
⢠Morero o moholo oa ho nosetsa oa Noka e entsoeng ke Motho, Libya. E ntse e hahuoa. Litšenyehelo: ho feta $ 36 limilione tse likete.
⢠Setereke sa Khoebo sa Machabeng Smart City Songdo, Korea Boroa. Ho nts'etsopele. Litšenyehelo: $ 39 limilione tse likete
⢠Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed ââRailway, Chaena. E amohetsoe ka 2011 LitÅ¡enyehelo: $40 limilione tse likete
⢠Letamo la Three Gorges, Chaena. E amohetsoe ka 2012 Litšenyehelo: $ 42,2 limilione tse likete
⢠Letamo la Itaipu, Brazil/Paraguay. E thehiloe ka 1984. Litšenyehelo: $ 49,1 limilione tse likete.
⢠Merero ea lipalangoang ea Jeremane e kopanyang marang-rang a literene, litsela le metsi tlas'a lebitso le tloaelehileng Unity, Germany. E ntse e hahuoa. Litšenyehelo: $ 50 limilione tse likete.
⢠Sebaka sa oli sa Kashagan, Kazakhstan. E qalile ho sebetsa ka 2013. Litšenyehelo: $ 50 limilione tse likete.
⢠Marang-rang a liporo tse phahameng tsa AVE, Spain. E ntse e hola. Boleng ka 2015: $ 51,6 limilione tse likete
⢠Morero oa Katoloso ea Terene ea Seattle, Sound Transit 3, USA. Ho lokisetsa. Litšenyehelo: $ 53,8 limilione tse likete
⢠Dubailand theme park and entertainment complex, United Arab Emirates. Ho lokisetsa. Litšenyehelo: $ 64,3 limilione tse likete.
⢠Borokho ba Honshu-Shikoku, Japane. E amohetsoe ka 1999. Litšenyehelo: $ 75 limilione tse likete.
⢠California High-Speed ââââRail Network Project, USA. Ho lokisetsa. LitÅ¡enyehelo: $ 77 limilione tse likete.
⢠Morero oa Phetisetso ea Metsi ho ea Boroa ho ea Leboea, Chaena. E mocheng. Litšenyehelo: $ 79 limilione tse likete.
⢠Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project, India. Ho lokisetsa. Litšenyehelo: $ 100 limilione tse likete.
⢠Morena Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia. Ho nts'etsopele. Litšenyehelo: $ 100 limilione tse likete
⢠Toropo e lihlekehlekeng tsa maiketsetso Forest City, Malaysia. Ho lokisetsa. Litšenyehelo: $ 100 limilione tse likete
⢠Mosque o Moholo oa Mecca, Masjid al-Haram, Saudi Arabia. E mocheng. Litšenyehelo: $ 100 limilione tse likete.
⢠London-Leeds High Speed ââââRail, High Speed ââââ2, UK. Ho lokisetsa. LitÅ¡enyehelo: $ 128 limilione tse likete.
⢠International Space Station, morero oa machaba. Litšenyehelo: $ 165 limilione tse likete
⢠Morero oa toropo ea Neom e Leoatleng le Lefubelu, Saudi Arabia. Ho lokisetsa. Litšenyehelo: 230-500 liranta tse limilione tse likete.
⢠Terene ea Persian Gulf, linaha tsa Persian Gulf. Ho nts'etsopele. Litšenyehelo: $ 250 limilione tse likete.
⢠Interstate Highway System, USA. E ntse e hola. Litšenyehelo: $ 549 limilione tse likete
