Bapisa phetiso ea othomathiki: sequential, dual clutch, CVT

Li-transmissions tse ikemetseng li ntse li tsebahala har'a beng ba likoloi. Ke mefuta efe e ka sehloohong ea phetisetso e joalo, 'me melemo le mefokolo ea tsona ke efe?

USA e nkuoa e le sebaka sa tsoalo ea phetisetso ea othomathiki. Khale koana ka 1904, k'hamphani ea Boston e ile ea fana ka othomathike ea lebelo le habeli. Ho hlakile hore ts'ebetso ea mochini ona e ne e sa tšepahale, empa mohopolo o ile oa fumana mobu o nonneng mme mefuta e fapaneng ea meralo e nang le li-gear e fetohang e ile ea qala ho hlaha United States.

Leha ho le joalo, phetisetso ea pele ea othomathiki, e ts'oanang le moralo le ts'ebetso ho phetiso ea sejoale-joale, e hlahile pele ho Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Lefatše. E ne e le phetiso ea Hydra-Matic e entsoeng ke General Motors.

Phatlalatso

Haeteroliki phetiso

Har'a li-transmissions tse itekanetseng, tse tloaelehileng (ho fihlela joale) ke li-hydraulic transmissions. Ona ke mochini o rarahaneng oo hangata o nang le kopano ea torque converter kapa torque converter e nang le likere tse ngata tsa lipolanete.

Likere tsa likere tsa lipolanete li hokahantsoe kapa li notleloa ka li-clutch tse loketseng tsa likhohlano le li-multi-disc (li-multi-disc) kapa li-band brakes. Tabeng ena, ntho e tlamang ea phetisetso ea hydraulic ke oli, e tšeloang ka botlalo ka lebokoseng la li-gear.

Ho fetola li-gear ho etsoa ka ho thibela lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa likere tsa letsatsi tse sebelisanang le li-freewheels, li-clutch tsa disc (hangata li-multi-disc), li-brake tsa li-band le likarolo tse ling tsa likhohlano tse tsamaisoang ke li-drive tsa hydraulic.

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Lintlafatso tsa moralo oa phetisetso ea haeteroliki ke phetiso ea motlakase oa metsi (ka mohlala, ts'ebetso ea karolelano ea lisebelisoa tse eketsehileng, seo ho thoeng ke kickdown) le phetisetso e laoloang ke elektroniki. Tabeng ena, lebokose la gear le ka ba le mekhoa e mengata ea ho sebetsa, mohlala, papali kapa matšeliso.

E boetse e eketsa palo ea li-gear ratios. Mechini ea pele ea hydraulic e ne e na le likarolo tse tharo tsa lisebelisoa. Hajoale, likere tse hlano kapa tse tšeletseng ke tsa maemo, empa ho se ho na le meralo e nang le tse robong.

Mofuta o khethehileng oa phetisetso ea othomathiki ke phetiso ea sequential (eo hape e tsejoang ka hore ke semi-automatic transmission). Mofuteng ona oa mochine, likere li ka suthisoa ho sebelisoa lepi le eang pele feela kapa morao 'me le suthela holimo kapa tlase gia e le 'ngoe, kapa ho sebelisa li-paddles tse lebiling la setereng.

Tharollo ena e ka khoneha ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea microprocessor ea elektroniki e laolang ts'ebetso ea lebokose la gear. Li-gearbox tse latellanang li sebelisoa hangata likoloing tsa Formula 1, 'me li fumaneha likoloing tsa tlhahiso, ho kenyeletsoa Audi, BMW, Ferrari.  

Ho ea ka setsebi

Vitold Rogovsky, marang-rang a ProfiAuto:

- Molemo oa li-transmission tsa hydraulic automatic transmission ke, ka holim'a tsohle, ho khanna matšeliso, i.e. ha ho hlokahale hore u fetole likere ka letsoho. Ho phaella moo, mofuta ona oa phetisetso o sireletsa enjene hore e se ke ea jara, ha e le hantle, hafeela phetiso e sebelisoa ka nepo. Lebokose la gear le ikamahanya le lebelo la enjene ebe le khetha lisebelisoa tse loketseng. Leha ho le joalo, tšitiso e kholo ea mochini oa eona ke tšebeliso e phahameng ea mafura. Li-transmissions tse ikemetseng li kholo ebile li boima, kahoo li loketse lienjineri tse kholo tse matla, tseo li sebetsang hantle haholo le tsona. Phoso e itseng ea phetisetso ena hape ke taba ea hore kopi e sebelisitsoeng e ka fumanoa 'marakeng oa bobeli.

Li-gearbox tse sa fetoheng tse sa fetoheng

Phetiso e sa fetoheng ke mofuta oa phetiso ea othomathiki, empa e na le sesebelisoa se ikhethileng. Ho na le litharollo tse peli - lebokose la gear la polanete la setso le lebokose la gear le tloaelehileng la CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission).

Boemong ba pele, lisebelisoa tsa lipolanete li ikarabella bakeng sa ho fetoha ha lisebelisoa. Moqapi o hopotsa tsamaiso ea letsatsi ka mokhoa o monyenyane. Ho khetha likere, e sebelisa sete ea likere, e kholo ka ho fetisisa e nang le meshing e ka hare (eo ho thoeng ke ring gear). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ka hare ho na le lebili le bohareng (leo ho thoeng ke letsatsi) le kopantsoeng le lehare le leholo la lebokose la li-gear, 'me ho pota-pota ho na le likere tse ling (ke hore lisathelaete). Li-gears li fetoloa ka ho thibela le ho hohela likarolo tsa motho ka mong tsa lisebelisoa tsa polanete.

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CVT, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ke CVT e nang le phetiso e sa fetoheng. E na le lihlopha tse peli tsa mabili a bevel a kopantsoeng ka V-belt kapa ketane ea li-multi-disc. Ho itšetlehile ka lebelo la enjene, li-cones li atamelana, i.e. bophara boo lebanta le mathang ho bona bo a fetoha. Sena se fetola tekanyo ea lisebelisoa.

Ho ea ka setsebi

Vitold Rogovsky, marang-rang a ProfiAuto:

- Li-CVT, ka lebaka la litekanyo tsa tsona tse nyane le boima bo tlase, li sebelisoa likoloing tse kopaneng le tsa toropo tse nang le lienjine tse nyane. Molemo oa li-transmission tsena ke hore ha li hloke tlhokomelo. Esita le liphetoho tsa oli ha li khothalletsoe 'me li ka mamella lik'hilomithara tse tšoanang le tsa enjene. Ho feta moo, nako ea ho fetoha ha gear e batla e sa bonahale. Ha li theko e boima joalo ka mabokose a hydraulic mme ha li kenyelle haholo theko ea koloi. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tšitiso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ke tieho e kholo ea karabelo ea ho hatella pedal ea khase, i.e. tahlehelo ea matla. E boetse e amahanngoa le ho eketseha ha tšebeliso ea mafura. Li-transmission tsa CVT ha lia lokela lienjineri tsa turbo.

Bakeng sa lihlopha tse peli

Phetiso ea li-clutch tse peli esale e etsa mosebetsi oa eona ka lilemo tse 'maloa joale. Lebokose le joalo la li-gearbox le ile la hlaha ka lekhetlo la pele 'marakeng mathoasong a lekholo lena la likoloi tsa Volkswagen, le hoja e ne e kile ea fumanoa likoloing tsa rally le mehlala ea mabelo a Porsche. Ena ke lebokose la gear la DSG (Direct Shift Gearbox). Hajoale, bahlahisi ba bangata ba se ba ntse ba e-na le mabokose a joalo, ho kenyeletsoa. ka likoloi tsa Volkswagen Group hammoho le BMW kapa Mercedes AMG kapa Renault (mohlala, Megane le Scenic).

Phetiso ea li-clutch tse peli ke motsoako oa phetiso ea letsoho le ea othomathiki. Lebokose la gear le ka sebetsa ka mokhoa oa othomathike ka botlalo le ka ts'ebetso ea gearshift ea matsoho.

Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea moralo oa phetisetso ena ke li-clutch tse peli, i.e. li-clutch discs, tse ka khonang ho omella (lienjiniere tse fokolang) kapa li le metsi, li sebetsa ka ho hlapa ka oli (lienjiniere tse matla haholoanyane). Clutch e le 'ngoe e ikarabella bakeng sa likere tse sa tloaelehang le lisebelisoa tse khutlelang morao, clutch e 'ngoe e ikarabella bakeng sa likere. Ka lebaka lena, re ka bua ka li-gearbox tse peli tse tšoanang tse kentsoeng ntlong e tloaelehileng.

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Ho phaella ho li-clutch tse peli, ho boetse ho na le li-clutch shafts tse peli le tse peli tse kholo. Ka lebaka la moqapi ona, lisebelisoa tse latelang tse phahameng li ntse li loketse ho kopanela hang-hang. Ka mohlala, koloi e matha ka gear ea boraro, 'me ea bone e se e khethiloe empa ha e e-s'o sebetse. Ha torque e loketseng ea phetoho e fihla, clutch e makatsang ea gear ea boraro ea bula 'me clutch e koala bakeng sa gear ea bone, kahoo mabili a li-axle a tsoela pele ho fumana torque ho tloha enjene. Mokhoa oa ho fetola o nka hoo e ka bang makholo a mane a motsotsoana, e leng ka tlaase ho ho panya ha leihlo.

Hoo e ka bang li-transmission tsohle tse peli tsa clutch li na le mekhoa e meng ea ts'ebetso e kang "Sport".

Ho ea ka setsebi

Vitold Rogovsky, marang-rang a ProfiAuto:

- Ha ho tšitiso ea torque phetisong ea li-clutch tse peli. Ka lebaka la sena, koloi e na le lebelo le letle haholo. Ho feta moo, enjene e sebetsa ka har'a mefuta e metle ea torque. Ho phaella moo, ho na le molemo o mong - tšebeliso ea mafura hangata e tlaase ho feta tabeng ea phetisetso ea matsoho. Qetellong, li-gearbox tse peli tsa clutch li tšoarella haholo. Haeba mosebelisi a latela phetoho ea oli ka lik'hilomithara tse likete tse 60, ha e le hantle ha a robehe. Leha ho le joalo, 'marakeng oa bobeli ho na le likoloi tseo meter e fetohileng ho tsona' me tabeng ena ho thata ho boloka bophelo bo nepahetseng ba tšebeletso ea phetisetso e joalo. Ka tsela e 'ngoe kapa e' ngoe, u ka kopana le likoloi tseo ho tsona li-check tsena li sa kang tsa etsoa le lebokose la gear le se le tsofetse. Tšenyo ea dual-mass flywheel e boetse e baka kotsi ho phetiso ena, hobane joale ho thothomela ho sa batleheng ho fetisetsoa mochining oa gearbox. Bobebe ba li-transmission tse peli tsa clutch le tsona ke theko ea tsona e phahameng. 

Wojciech Frölichowski