Li-chessmen

Likotoana le likotoana tse sebelisoang hangata lipapaling le lipapaling tsa chess ke likotoana tsa Staunton. Li entsoe ke Nathaniel Cook mme a rehelloa ka Howard Staunton, sebapali sa pele sa chess sa bohareng ba lekholo la 1849, ea ileng a saena le ho bala lihlopha tse makholo a mahlano tse entsoeng ka XNUMX ke k'hamphani ea lelapa ea Jaques ea London. Likarolo tsena haufinyane li ile tsa fetoha tekanyetso ea likotoana le likotoana tse sebelisoang lefatšeng ka bophara.

Bakeng sa bethe ea chess, eo qalong e neng e rehiloe lebitso Chaturangae nkoa e le India. Lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo AD, Chaturanga e ile ea tlisoa Persia mme ea fetoloa chatrang. Ka mor'a ho haptjoa ha Persia ke Maarabia lekholong la XNUMXth, chatrang e ile ea e-ba le liphetoho tse ling 'me ea tsejoa e le. chatranj. Lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo, chess e fihlile Europe. Ke lihlopha tse 'maloa feela tse setseng ho fihlela kajeno. likotoana tsa chess tsa mehleng ea khale. Tse tsebahalang haholo ke Sandomierz chess le Lewis chess..

Sandomierz chess

Sete ea chess ea Sandomierz e na le likotoana tse 29 (ke tse tharo feela tse sieo) ho tloha lekholong la XNUMXth, tse kileng tsa patoa ka tlas'a fuluru ea ntlo e itekanetseng St. James Street. Likotoana ha li fete 2 cm ka bolelele, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore li ne li sebelisetsoa ho tsamaea. Li entsoe ka manaka a likhama ka mokhoa oa Searabia (1). Li ile tsa fumanoa ka 1962 Sandomierz nakong ea lipatlisiso tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale tse etelletsoeng ke Jerzy le Eliga Gonsowski. Ke seemahale sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa pokellong ea baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ea Setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea Sandomierz.

Chess e ile ea tla Poland ka 1154, nakong ea puso ea Bolesław Wrymouth. Ho latela khopolo-taba e ’ngoe, ba ka be ba ile ba tlisoa Poland ho tsoa Bochabela bo Hare ke Khosana Henryk oa Sandomierz. Ka XNUMX, o ile a nka karolo ntoeng ea ho ea Naheng e Halalelang ho sireletsa Jerusalema ho Saracens.

Chess le Lewis

2. Likotoana tsa chess ho tloha Isle of Lewis

Ka 1831, Sehlekehlekeng sa Scotland sa Lewis se Uig Bay, ho ile ha fumanoa likotoana tse 93 tse betliloeng ka manaka a li-walrus le meno a leruarua (2). Litšoantšo tsohle ke liemahale tse bōpehileng joaloka motho, 'me tse phahamang li tšoana le majoe a mabitla. Mohlomong kaofela li entsoe Norway lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo (ka nako eo Lihlekehleke tsa Scotland e ne e le tsa Norway). Li ile tsa patoa kapa tsa lahleha ha li ntse li tsamaisoa ho tloha Norway ho isoa metseng e ruileng e lebōpong le ka bochabela la Ireland.

Hona joale, lipontšo tse 82 li Musiamong oa Brithani o London, ’me tse 11 tse setseng li Musiamong oa Sechaba oa Scotland o Edinburgh. Ka filimi ea 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry le Ron ba bapala wizard chess ka likotoana tse entsoeng hantle joalo ka likotoana le likotoana tsa Isle of Lewis.

Likarolo tsa chess tsa lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo.

Thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ea chess qalong ea lekholo la boXNUMX le la boXNUMX la lilemo e ile ea hloka hore ho thehoe mofuta oa likotoana oa bokahohleng. Mehleng ea khale, ho ne ho sebelisoa mefuta e sa tšoaneng. Mehala ea Senyesemane e sebelisoang haholo lijo-thollo tsa harese (3) - ka lebitso la litsebe tsa harese tse khabisang litšoantšo tsa morena le tsa heteman, kapa St. George (4) - ho tsoa sehlopheng se tummeng sa chess London.

Jeremane, lihlahisoa tsa mofuta ona li ne li sebelisoa haholo. Selenium (5) - e bitsoa ka mor'a Gustav Selen. E ne e le lebitso la maiketsetso la Augustus e Monyenyane, Duke oa Brunswick, sengoli sa Chess, kapa King's Game ("), se hatisitsoeng ka 1616. Mohlala ona o motle oa khale o boetse ka linako tse ling o bitsoa setšoantšo sa jarete kapa tulip. Fora, ka lehlakoreng le leng, likotoana le li-pawn li ne li tumme haholo, tse neng li bapaloa ho tse tummeng Cafe Regency Paris (6 le 7).

6. Likotoana tsa chess tsa French Régence.

7. Sehlopha sa mesebetsi ea Regent ea Fora.

Cafe Regency

E ne e le k'hefi ea chess e tsebahalang haufi le Louvre e Paris, e thehiloeng ka 1718, e neng e atisa ho ratoa ke regent, Prince Philippe d'Orléans. O ile a bapala ho eona har'a ba bang Molao oa Kermeer (mongoli oa e 'ngoe ea lipapali tse nyenyane tse tummeng tsa chess tse bitsoang "Legal checkmate"), o ne a nkoa e le sebapali se matla ka ho fetisisa Fora ho fihlela a hlōloa ka 1755 ke seithuti sa chess. François Philidora. Ka 1798 o ile a bapala chess mona. Napoleon Bonaparte.

Ka 1858, Paul Morphy o ile a bapala papali e tummeng ho Café de la Régence, ntle le ho sheba boto, khahlanong le libapali tse robeli tse matla, a hapa lipapali tse tšeletseng le ho hula tse peli. Ntle le libapali tsa chess, bangoli, baqolotsi ba litaba le bo-ralipolotiki le bona e ne e le baeti ba khafetsa ho jella. - motse-moholo ona oa chess oa lefats'e karolong ea bobeli ea 12 le halofo ea pele ea lekholo la 2015 - e ne e le sehlooho sa sehlooho sa No. XNUMX/XNUMX sa makasine ea Young Technician.

Ka bo-30, Mabrithani a ile a qala ho qothisana lehlokoa le libapali tse hloahloa tsa chess lefatšeng ho pota Café de la Régence. Ka 1834, papali ea ho ba sieo e ile ea qala lipakeng tsa boemeli ba khefi le Westminster Chess Club, e thehiloeng lilemo tse tharo pejana. Ka 1843, papali e ile ea bapaloa k'hefing, e ileng ea felisa taolo ea nako e telele ea libapali tsa chess tsa Mafora. Pierre Saint-Aman o lahlehetsoe ke Lenyesemane Howard Staunton (+6-11=4).

Setaki sa Lefora Jean-Henri Marlet, motsoalle oa hlooho ea khomo oa Saint-Amand, o ile a taka The Game of Chess ka 1843, moo Staunton a bapalang chess le Saint-Amand ka Café Régence (8).

8. Papali ea chess e bapaloang ka 1843 Café de la Régence - Howard Staunton (ka ho le letšehali) le Pierre Charles Fourrier Saint-Aman.

Likotoana tsa chess tsa Staunton

Ho ba teng ha mefuta e mengata ea li-chess le ho tšoana ho sa tloaelehang ha likotoana tse fapaneng ka lihlopha tse fapaneng ho ka etsa hore ho be thata ho mohanyetsi ea sa tsebeng mefuta ea bona ho bapala le ho ama sephetho sa papali. Ka hona, ho ile ha hlokahala hore ho thehoe sete ea chess e nang le likotoana tse bonoang habonolo ke libapali tsa chess tsa maemo a fapaneng a papali.

Howard Staunton

(1810-1874) - Sebapali sa chess sa Senyesemane, se nkoang e le se molemo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ho tloha ka 1843 ho ea ho 1851. O ile a theha "likotoana tsa Staunton", tse ileng tsa fetoha maemo a lipapali le lipapali tsa chess. O ile a hlophisa tlholisano ea pele ea machaba ea chess London ka 1851 mme e bile oa pele oa ho leka ho theha mokhatlo oa machaba oa chess. Ho fihlela bohareng ba lekholo la leshome le metso e robong la lilemo, lipapali tsa chess ka linako tse ling li ne li nka nako e telele, esita le matsatsi a 'maloa, hobane bahanyetsi ba ne ba e-na le nako e sa lekanyetsoang ea ho nahana. Ka 1852, Staunton o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea ho sebelisa hourglass (hourglass) ho lekanya nako e sebelisoang ke bahlolisani. Li ile tsa sebelisoa ka lekhetlo la pele ka 1861 papaling pakeng tsa Adolf Andersen le Ignak von Kolisch. Staunton e ne e le mohlophisi oa bophelo ba chess, setsebi se tsebahalang sa papali ea chess, mohlophisi oa limakasine tsa chess, sengoli sa libuka, moetsi oa melao ea papali ka boeona le mokhoa oa ho tšoara lipapali le lipapali. O ile a sebetsana le khopolo ea ho bula le ho hlahisa, haholo-holo, gambit 1.d4 f5 2.e4, e reheletsoeng ka eena Staunton Gambit.

Ka 1849, k'hamphani ea lelapa ea Jaques ea London, e ntseng e etsa thepa ea lipapali le lipapali, e ile ea etsa lihlopha tsa pele tsa lintho tse entsoeng ke Nathaniel Cook (10) - Mohlophisi oa makasine ea beke le beke ea London The Illustrated London News, moo Howard Staunton a hatisitseng lihlooho tsa chess. Bo-rahistori ba bang ba chess ba lumela hore mokhoenyana oa Cook, John Jacques, eo ka nako eo e neng e le mong'a k'hamphani, o phethile karolo e kholo ho nts'etsopele ea bona. Howard Staunton o khothalelitse likotoana pampiring ea hae ea chess.

10. Likotoana tsa pele tsa 1949 tsa chess tsa Staunton: pawn, rook, knight, bishopo, mofumahali le morena.

Lihlopha tsa lipalo tsena li ne li entsoe ka ebony le boxwood, tse leka-lekaneng le loto bakeng sa botsitso, 'me li koahetsoe ka maikutlo a ka tlaase. Tse ling tsa tsona li entsoe ka manaka a tlou a Afrika. Ka la 1 Hlakubele 1849, Cook o ile a ngolisa mofuta o mocha Lefapheng la Patent la London. Lihlopha tsohle tse hlahisitsoeng ke Jacques li ne li saennoe ke Staunton.

Litheko tse batlang li le tlase tsa likotoana tsa Staunton li kentse letsoho ho rekoeng ha tsona ka bongata le ho kenya letsoho ho tumang ha papali ea chess. Ha nako e ntse e ea, liaparo tsa bona li ile tsa fetoha mokhoa o tummeng ka ho fetisisa o sebelisoang ho fihlela kajeno lipapaling tse ngata ho pota lefatše.

Likotoana hona joale li sebelisoa lipapaling.

Zestav o ile a hlohonolofatsa Staunton e ile ea amoheloa ke International Chess Federation FIDE ka 1924 'me ea khethoa bakeng sa ho sebelisoa lipapaling tsohle tsa machaba tsa molao. Har'a meralo ea sejoale-joale ea lihlahisoa tsa Staunton (11), ho na le liphapang, haholo-holo mabapi le 'mala, thepa le sebopeho sa li-jumpers. Ho ea ka melao ea FIDE, likotoana tse ntšo li tlameha ho ba sootho, tse ntšo kapa tse ling tse lefifi tsa mebala ena. Likarolo tse tšoeu li ka ba tšoeu, tranelate kapa 'mala o mong o bobebe. U ka sebelisa mebala ea lehong la tlhaho (lepa, maple, joalo-joalo).

11. Sehlopha sa lipalo tsa lehong tsa Staunton tse sebelisoang hajoale.

Likarolo li lokela ho khahlisa mahlo, li se ke tsa benya, 'me li entsoe ka lehong, polasetiki kapa lintho tse ling tse tšoanang. Bophahamo bo khothalletsoang ba likotoana: morena - 9,5 cm, mofumahali - 8,5 cm, mobishopo - 7 cm, knight - 6 cm, rook - 5,5 cm le pawn - cm 5. Bophara ba setsi sa likotoana e lokela ho ba 40-50. % ea bophahamo ba tsona. Boholo bo ka fapana ho fihla ho 10% ho latela litataiso tsena, empa taelo e tlameha ho hlomphuoa (mohlala, morena o molelele ho feta mofumahali, joalo-joalo).

tichere ea thuto,

morupelli ya nang le lengolo

le moahloli oa chess

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