Likarolo tsa parafine: histori le tlhahiso ea sehlahisoa, mefuta ea sona le boholo
Tse ka hare
Kerosene ke ntho e bonaletsang e nang le sebopeho sa mafura, se bonaletsang kapa se bobebe, 'mala o mosehla. Motsoako ona o fumanoa ka ho arola likaroloana tsa multicomponent ka distillation kapa ka ho otloloha ha oli ka kotloloho. Motsoako o chang oa li-hydrocarbon tse metsi o na le sebaka se belang ho tloha ho +150°C ho ea +250°C. Ka lebaka la thepa ea sehlahisoa sa oli le litšobotsi tsa eona, u ka reka parafine bakeng sa ho sebeletsa likoloi le lifofane, hammoho le lisebelisoa tsa mabone le tse ling tse ngata.
Lebitso la parafine le tsoa ho Segerike sa boholo-holo "Κηρός", e bolelang boka
Histori ea kabo ea parafine Russia
Foromo ea parafine, bongata ba eona, ho tuka le litšobotsi tse ling li entse hore ho khonehe ho nkela khase e khantšang sebaka le mefuta eohle ea mafura. E ile ea qala ho sebelisoa ka mafolofolo lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo. Sena se ile sa etsa hore ho be le keketseho ea tlhokahalo ea oli, 'me indasteri ea parafine e ile ea susumetsa ntlafatso ea mekhoa ea merafo le keketseho ea tšebeliso ea khauta e ntšo.
Tlhokahalo ea parafine e ile ea eketseha haholo ha ho fihla litofo tsa parafine le litofo tsa parafine, tse neng li sebelisoa hohle ho pheha.
Qalong ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo, mechine ea temo e nang le carburetor le dienjini tsa diesel e ile ea qala ho tlatsoa ka parafine. Empa sena se ile sa baka mathata.
Nomoro ea octane ea parafine e ka tlase ho li-unit tse 40, 'me ho hloka botsitso ho mpe ho feta peterole, kahoo ho qala enjene e batang ho ne ho le thata haholo. Tabeng ena, mechine e ne e e-na le tanka e eketsehileng e nyenyane ea khase.
Bongata ba parafine e jeoang ke likoloi e le mafura bo ne bo phahame, 'me kapele bo ile ba nkeloa sebaka ke peterole le mafura a disele.
Botumo ba parafine bo ile ba qalella bohareng ba lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo, ka nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea lifofane le lirokete.
Mokhoa oa ho fumana parafine
Ho sa tsotelehe hore na oli e sebetsoa joang (distillation ka kotloloho kapa tokiso), ntho e tlhotloa pele ho tsoa metsing, litšila tse sa pheleng, joalo-joalo. Ha mokelikeli o tlisoa mochesong o itseng, likaroloana tse fapaneng lia pheha ebe li hlahella:
- Ho fihlela ho 250 ° C - naphtha le peterole.
- Ho tloha ho 250 ° C ho ea ho 315 ° C - oli ea parafine-gase.
- Ho tloha 300 ° C ho 350 ° C - oli (solar).
Ho ea ka GOST 12.1.007-76, sehlopha sa kotsi sa parafine ke 4, se lokelang ho nahanoa nakong ea tlhahiso, lipalangoang le tšebeliso ea eona. Mokelikeli ona o chesa haholo, 'me mouoane oa oona, ha o kopana le moea, o etsa metsoako e phatlohang.
Kerosene, haeba e kopana le mahlo le letlalo, e ka baka ho teneha.
Sebopeho sa parafine
Sebopeho sa parafine se itšetlehile haholo ka likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale le mekhoa ea ho lokisa lihlahisoa tsa oli. Ntle le litšila tsa oksijene, naetrojene le metsoako ea sebabole, e na le li-hydrocarbon:
pono | Peresente ea |
Moeli | 20 ho 60 |
Se nang moeli | Ho fihlela 2 |
Baesekele | 5 ho 25 |
Naphthenic | 20 ho 50 |
Kerosene RO le litšobotsi tse ling li ka fapana. Ho +20 ° C lipalo ke tse latelang:
- Boima ho tloha ho 0,78 ho isa ho .85 g/cm³.
- Viscosity ho tloha ho 1,2 ho isa ho 4,5 mm²/s.
Sebaka sa khanya se tloha ho +28 ho ea ho +72 ° C, ha mocheso oa "self-ignition" o ka fihla ho +400 ° C. Boima ba parafine, joalo ka lits'oants'o tse ling, bo fapana ho latela likhakanyo tsa matšoao a mocheso le maemo a mang.
Karolelano ea boima ba parafine ke 0.800 kg/m3·
Parafine e sebelisetsoa eng?
Joalo ka e 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa tse atileng haholo tsa peterole, parafine e fumane ts'ebetso libakeng tse fapaneng. Lisebelisoa tse tala li ka ba tse loketseng ho bopa:
- Mafura a jete.
- li-additives tsa mafura a rokete.
- Mafura a lisebelisoa tsa ho chesa.
- Ho tlatsa lisebelisoa tsa ntlo ka mafura.
- Li-solvents tse theko e tlaase.
- Mekhoa e meng ea mariha le ea arctic diesel.
Ka bobeli nakong e fetileng le hona joale, parafine ea mabone ea boleng e sebelisoa haholo. E ka fumanoa tlhahiso ka lithupelo, lithupelo tsa lapeng, joalo-joalo. Ke habohlokoa ho hopola hore mehato ea ho itšireletsa e lokela ho nkoa nakong ea ts'ebetso.
Litsupa ka sehloohong tsa mabone brand parafine
Kerosene (GOST 18499-73) e etselitsoe merero ea tekheniki - e sebelisetsoa ho hloekisa le ho tlotsa mekhoa, ho tlosa mafome, joalo-joalo. Mefuta e fapaneng ea lintho e loketse ho kenya letlalo, ho tsamaisa lipontšo tsa mollo le palo e kholo ea mesebetsi e meng.
Meriana ea setso, ho lumelloa ho tšoara maloetse a sa tšoaneng ka parafine. Hangata e sebelisoa ho tlosa linta. Ka litekanyetso tse fapaneng, ka litšila tse itseng le mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso, e khothalletsoa ho thibela mafu:
- Lefu la mala.
- tsamaiso ea methapo.
- Ka tsamaiso ea methapo ea pelo.
- Matšoafo, joalo-joalo.
Parafine e fetohile motheo oa ho tlotsa, litlolo le mekhoa e meng ea meriana ea setso.
Mefuta e ka sehloohong ea parafine
Kerosene e ka aroloa ka likaroloana le tšebeliso. Ho na le lihlopha tse 'ne tse kholo:
1. Setsebi
Kerosene ea tekheniki e loketse tlhahiso ea propylenes, ethylenes le li-hydrocarbon tse ling. Hangata, ntho ena e sebetsa e le solvent bakeng sa ho hlatsoa likarolo tse rarahaneng tsa libopeho le boholo bo fapaneng. Hape, lisebelisoa tse tala li ka sebelisoa e le mafura bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa workshop.
Ho ea ka litokisetso tsa GOST, litaba tsa li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate ka li-kerosene tsa tekheniki ha li fete liperesente tse supileng.
2. Rokete
Mocheso o khethehileng oa ho tuka ha parafine o kenya letsoho ho thehoeng ha sekhahla sa reverse ka bongata bo hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea likoloi tsa rocket. E na le palo e nyenyane ea litšila, ka lebaka leo thepa e tala e nkoang e le e hloekileng ka ho fetisisa. Har'a likarolo ke:
- Likahare tse fokolang tsa libopeho tsa sebabole.
- Litšobotsi tse ntle tsa anti-wear.
- botsitso ba lik'hemik'hale.
- Ho hanyetsa mocheso oxidation.
Rocket parafine e bapisoa hantle le polokelo ea nako e telele ka lijaneng tse koetsoeng, nako e fihla lilemo tse leshome
3. Lifofane
Aviation parafine e ka sebelisoa ho tlotsa le ho tlatsa lifofane. Ho phaella moo, e sebetsa e le sehatsetsing ka mocheso oa mocheso. Sehlahisoa sena se na le thepa e phahameng ea anti-wear le mocheso o tlase.
Dielectric constant tsa parafine ke 1,8-2,1(ε). Pontšo ena e bonts'a hore na ke makhetlo a makae matla a ho sebelisana ha litefello tse peli tsa motlakase sebakeng se tloaelehileng a leng tlase ho feta sebakeng sa vacuum.
Aviation parafine e arotsoe ka lihlopha tse hlano - RT, TS-1, T-1, T-1C, T-2
4. Leseli
Mocheso oa mocheso oa parafine bakeng sa ho khantša o tloha ho +35 ° С ho ea ho +75 ° С. Lintho tse tala tsa boleng bo phahameng li khetholloa ka ho tuka ntle le soot le soot, ha li ntse li fana ka matla a khanya a lekaneng. Hape, li-subspecies tsena tsa lihlahisoa tsa petroleum li ka fetoha mokhoa o mong oa li-solvents tse theko e tlaase.
Ha paraffinic hydrocarbons e ntse e khantša parafine, e phahamisa boleng ba ntho eo
U ka ithuta ho eketsehileng ka sebopeho le litšobotsi tsa parafine ea limaraka tse fapaneng webosaeteng ea TC "AMOX". Letsetsa, litsebi tsa k'hamphani li tla bua ka lihlahisoa tsa oli le ho u thusa ho khetha mofuta o motle oa mafura, ho latela litlhoko tsa hau!