Literaka tse tummeng tsa Volkswagen LT 28, 35, 45, 46 - litšobotsi tse kholo le phapang
Tse ka hare
Likoloi tse nang le merero e mengata ea Volkswagen LT li entsoe hantle ebile li batloa. Nakong ea histori ea bona, ho tloha ka 1975, ba fumane botumo bo bongata Europe Bophirimela le Bochabela, hammoho le linaheng tsa CIS, ho akarelletsa le Russia. Li emela liphetoho tse fapaneng - ho tloha ho literaka le liveni tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea ho jara ho ea ho li-minibuse tsa baeti. Moqapi ea ka sehloohong oa letoto lohle la LT e ne e le Gustav Maier. Likoloi tsena tse nyane tsa moruo li loketse haholo lik'hamphani le likhoebo tse nyane le tse mahareng.
Volkswagen LT letoto la moloko oa pele
Ke feela lilemong tse 'nÚ tse qalang - ho tloha ka 1975 ho ea ho 1979, likoloi tse fetang likete tse 100 tsa letoto la Volkswagen LT li ile tsa hlahisoa. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore moetsi oa likoloi oa Jeremane o entse phetoho e batloang haholo ea literaka le likoloi tsa lisebelisoa. Nakoana hamorao, chassis ea LT e ile ea sebelisoa ka katleho ho kenya matlo a makoloi a Westfalia le Florida ho eona. Ho theosa le histori e telele, likoloi tsena li 'nile tsa tsosolosoa ka makhetlo a' maloa, mefuta e mengata ea morao-rao ea letoto lena e 'nile ea hlahisoa nako le nako.
Setšoantšo sa lifoto: Lasten-Transporter (LT) - lipalangoang bakeng sa ho tsamaisa thepa
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- LT 28 ke koloi e sebetsang hantle
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- Phetoho ea LT 35 e entsoe motheong o tloaelehileng ho lelapa lohle, empa e na le teraka e nang le flatbed.
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- Letšoao la LT 35 le kopanya ka katleho melemo ea van le teraka, ho etsa mosebetsi oa koloi ea thepa.
LT 28, 35 le 45 mefuta
Moloko oa pele oa likoloi tsa mefuta ena o ile oa qala ho tsamaea litseleng bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-70 tsa lekholo le fetileng la lilemo. Tlhahiso ea bona e ile ea qalisoa femeng ea Volkswagen Hannover. Ntle le sepheo sa bona sa ts'ebetso, li fapana ka boima bo felletseng ba curb:
- bakeng sa leseli Volkswagen LT 28, ke lithane tse 2,8;
- "Volkswagen LT 35" sehlopha sa mosebetsi o mahareng ka thepa e tšoanang boima ba lithane tse 3,5;
- Boima bo boholo ba Volkswagen LT 45 ea lithane tse mahareng bo boima ba lithane tse 4,5.
Liphetoho tsa LT 28 le 35 e ne e le literaka tse nang le merero e mengata - tse nang le li-flatbed, li-vans tsa tšepe tse tiileng tse nang le marulelo a tlaase le a phahameng, thepa, li-vans tsa lisebelisoa, hammoho le likoloi tsa bahahlauli tse theohileng tseleng ea kopano. Likamore tsa mokhanni le bapalami li ne li entsoe ka mela e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tsa litulo.
Ka 1983 ho ile ha etsoa restyling ea pele ea Volkswagen LT 28, 35 le 45. Selemong sona seo, tlhahiso ea Volkswagen LT 55 e boima ka ho fetisisa e qalile, e boima ba lithane tse 5,6 ka lisebelisoa tse feletseng. Liphetoho li ile tsa ama li-trim tsa ka hare le li-dashboards. Likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa likoloi le tsona li ile tsa ntlafatsoa. Ka 1986, moetsi o ile a etsa qeto ea ho etsa hore bokantle e be ea morao-rao ka ho fetola sebopeho sa mabone ho isa lisekoere. Mehlala eohle, 'mele o ile oa matlafatsoa' me ho kenngoa mabanta a pholoho. Phetoho e 'ngoe e ile ea etsoa ka 1993. Ho ile ha etsoa li-grille tse ncha, hammoho le li-bumper tse ka pele le tse ka morao. Li-dashboards le moralo oa kahare le tsona li ntlafalitsoe.
Mechini ea moloko oa pele e ntse e sebetsa ka katleho. Litlhahlobong tse ngata tsa bakhanni, taba ea hore li-cabs le 'mele ea likoloi li entsoe le ho penta ke boleng bo phahameng haholo. Ha ho se na tšenyo ea mechine, Volkswagen LTs tsohle li na le boemo bo botle ba 'mele, ho sa tsotellehe lilemo tse ngata tsa ts'ebetso. Bohareng bo entsoe ka litloaelo tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa 70-80s tsa lekholong la ho qetela la lilemo. Ka nako eo, ho ne ho e-na le liphetoho tse fokolang le li-switches, kaha likoloi li ne li se na lisebelisoa tsa elektronike, joalokaha li le teng hona joale. Ke kahoo dashboard e sa ruileng ka li-gauge.
Lebili la ho tsamaisa, joalo ka molao, le leholo, le khomaretsoe moleng oa ho tsamaisa le li-spokes tse peli feela. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore litlhophiso tsa mantlha li ne li sa hlomelloa ka seteraeke sa matla le litokiso tsa boemo ba kholomo. Phetoho e ka khoneha feela ka mechine eo e neng e laetsoe e le khetho. Tlas'a seea-le-moea, ho ne ho se ho fanoe ka sebaka se phaneleng, empa likoloi li ne li sa hlomelloa ka eona. Enjene e fumaneha ka holim'a axle e ka pele, tlas'a setulo sa bapalami. Ka lebaka la sena, e pharalletse ka hare, e fana ka matšeliso a matle ho mokhanni le bapalami.
Likamore tse nang le mela e le 'ngoe - mamati a mabeli. Mela e 'meli e lokolloa ka liphetolelo tse peli: mamati a mabeli le a mane. Likamore tse nang le mola o le mong oa litulo li ka nka bapalami ba babeli le mokhanni. Mela e habeli ntle le mokhanni a ka amohela bapalami ba bahlano. Litopo tsa libese tse nyenyane li ne li na le mamati a mahlano. Letoto la LT le ile la atleha hoo le ileng la hohela tlhokomelo ea k'hamphani e 'ngoe ea Jeremane - MAN, moetsi oa literaka tse boima. Ho ile ha thehoa tlhahiso e kopanetsoeng ea likoloi tse boima tlas'a letšoao la MAN-Volkswagen. Ka sebopeho sena, likoloi tsena li ile tsa sebetsa ho fihlela 1996. Selemong sena ho ile ha hlaha moloko oa bobeli oa likoloi - Volkswagen LT II.
Litlhaloso tsa theknoloji
Chassis bakeng sa lelapa lohle la LT ea moloko oa pele e ne e e-na le bolelele bo fapaneng ba 2,5, 2,95 le 3,65 limithara. Enjene ena e ipakile e le hantle, kahoo e ile ea kenngoa ho fihlela 4.165. Ho tloha ka 75, ho ekelitsoe unit ea diesel ea k'hamphani e le 'ngoe e nang le lilithara tse 1982 le matla a lilithara tse 1976 ho eona. Ka. E ile ea boela ea emisoa ka 2,7.
Ho qala ka 1979, Volkswagen e ile ea qala ho sebelisa peterole e nang le lisilindara tse tšeletseng, disele le li-turbodiesel tse sebelisang "cylinder block" e nang le palo e felletseng ea lilithara tse 2,4 le matla ho tloha ho 69 ho isa ho 109 horsepower. Ka cylinder block e joalo, ka 1982 ho ile ha qala tlhahiso ea 2,4-litha e le nngwe turbocharged diesel e nang le matla a 102 horsepower. Ka 1988 ho ile ha hlaha phetoho ea turbocharged ea enjene e tšoanang ea dizeli, feela ka matla a tlase - 92 hp. Ka.
Likoloing tse bobebe le tse mahareng, setulo se ka pele se ikemetse, se na le litakatso tse peli le liliba tsa coil. Heavy LT 45s e se e ntse e e-na le axle e thata holim'a liliba tsa longitudinal tse kopantsoeng ho tloha maqepheng a 'maloa. Phetiso ke gearbox ea lebelo la mane kapa a mahlano. Clutch e ne e fanoa ka mochine oa mochine. Koloi e ne e na le mefuta e 'meli ea li-axles tsa koloi:
- ka gear e kholo e nang le sethala se le seng, phapang e nang le lisathelaete tse peli tse nang le li-axle shafts;
- e nang le mothati o le mong oa ho qetela, phapang e nang le lisathelaete tse 'ne le li-axle shafts tse laetsoeng.
Bakeng sa libaka tse nang le meaho e mebe ea litsela, ho ile ha hlahisoa likoloi tse hulang ka mabili.
Lethathamo: litekanyo tsa Volkswagen LT 35 le 45 teraka diphetolo
| Litekanyo, boima | Volkswagen LT35 | Volkswagen LT45 |
| Bolelele, limilimithara | 4850 | 5630 |
| Bophara, limilimithara | 2050 | 2140 |
| Bophahamo, mm | 2580 | 2315 |
| boima ba 'mele, lik'hilograma | 1800 | 1900 |
| Boima bo boholo, kg | 3500 | 4500 |
Video: Volkswagen LT 28, teraka kakaretso kakaretso
Volkswagen LT moloko oa bobeli
Ka 1996, bahlolisani ba babeli ba ka ho sa feleng - VW le Mercedes-Benz - ba ile ba ikopanya. Sephetho e bile ho tsoaloa ha letoto le kopaneng le mefuta e 'meli: Volkswagen LT le Mersedes Sprinter. Chassis kaofela le 'mele li ne li tšoana. Mokhelo e ne e le karolo e ka pele ea kh'ab, enjene le likhoele tsa phetiso - moetsi e mong le e mong oa likoloi o ne a e-na le ea hae. 1999 e ile ea hopoloa ka lebaka la hore Mercedes e ile ea ntlafatsa dashboard le taolo ea phetisetso ea matsoho. Volkswagen e ile ea khetha ho tlohela ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe joalokaha e ne e le pele.
Ka 1996, LT 45 e ile ea nkeloa sebaka ke phetoho e ncha - LT 46, e boima ba lithane tse 4,6 ka tatellano ea ho sebetsa. Tsepamiso ea merero e mengata ea letoto le ntlafalitsoeng e bolokiloe ebile e atolositsoe. Ntle le liveni tse nang le marulelo a fapaneng, ho ile ha hlaha literaka tse nang le li-flatbed, li-minibuse tse tsamaisang thepa le tsa litšebeletso, li-minivan, libese le literaka tsa ho lahla. Tlhahiso ea letoto lena la likoloi "Volkswagen" tsoela pele ho fihlela 2006.
Sebaka sa Lifoto: Letoto la LT le ntlafalitsoeng
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- Ka 1996, karolo e ka pele ea koloi e ile ea nka mefuta ea sejoale-joale.
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- Koloi e se e ntse e e-na le hood eo ho eona ho nang le phihlello ea motlakase
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- Setšoantšo sa Volkswagen LT 46 se hlahile ka 1996
Likarolo tsa likoloi "Volkswagen" LT moloko oa bobeli
Boima ba likoloi tsa likoloi tsohle bo khethoa ke lipalo tse peli tsa ho qetela tsa phetoho - e tšoanang hantle le ea moloko oa pele. Li-disk brakes li ne li kentsoe mabiling a ka pele le a ka morao a li-LT tsohle. Bokahare ba salon bo fetohile. Litulo tse ncha, tse nang le ergonomic le sebopeho sa lebili le phutholohileng, hammoho le bokhoni ba ho etsa liphetoho tse 'maloa setulong sa mokhanni, ho kenyelletsa le ho se fetola bophahamo, ho entse hore maeto a phutholohe. Haeba molokong oa pele tsamaiso ea matla e ne e le khetho, ho tloha ka 1996 e se e ntse e le teng litlhophisong tsa motheo. Li-wheelbase li boetse li fetohile:
- LT 28 - 3000-3550 limilimithara;
- LT 35 - ho tloha 3000 ho ea ho 4025 mm;
- LT 46 - 3550-4025 limilimithara.Phetoho LT 46 II e qalile ho hlahisoa ka 1996
Dashboard ea mokhanni e na le lebelo la lebelo, tachometer, mocheso oa antifreeze le lisensara tsa boemo ba mafura ka tankeng. Speedometer e kopantsoe le tachograph. Hape ho na le mabone a mangata a lemosang a fanang ka boitsebiso bo eketsehileng ho mokhanni. Taolo e bonolo, lithupa tse seng kae feela le linotlolo - o ka bulela ho futhumatsa lifensetere, hammoho le ho fetola matla a ho futhumatsa le moea. Tsoelo-pele ea meralo ea li-cab e ile ea bolokoa - VW e hlahisitse li-cab tse nang le mela e le 'ngoe le tse peli tse nang le mamati a mabeli le a mane a likoloi. Mabili a ka morao mefuteng ea 28 le 35 ha a le mong, ho LT 46 a mabeli. Sistimi ea ABS e ile ea fumaneha e le khetho.
Litšobotsi tse khutšoane
Hona joale LT e ne e se e e-na le likoloi tse 'nÚ tsa diesel powertrain. Tse tharo tsa tsona e ne e le tsa molumo o le mong - lilithara tse 2,5, li na le li-cylinders tse 5 le li-valve tse 10, empa li fapane ka matla (89, 95 le 109 hp). Sena sea khoneha haeba moralo oa enjene o ntlafalitsoe. Enjene ea bone, e nang le li-cylinder tse tšeletseng tsa diesel, e qalile ho hlahisoa ka 2002, e ne e e-na le lilithara tse 2,8, e hlahisitse matla a lilithara tse 158. s mme e jele 8 l / 100 km feela ka potoloho e kopaneng. Ho phaella moo, mochine oa ente ea li-cylinder tse 'nÚ tse nang le ente e ajoang ka boholo ba lilithara tse 2,3 le matla a lilithara tse 143 li ne li le teng moleng oa lihlopha tsa matla. Ka. Tšebeliso ea khase ea potoloho e kopantsoeng ke 8,6 l/100 km.
Bakeng sa likoloi tsohle tsa moloko oa bobeli, ho emisoa ka pele ho ikemetse, ho na le makhasi a pota-potileng. Selemo se ka morao - se itšetlehileng ka sona, se nang le lisebelisoa tsa telescopic shock. Likoloi tsohle tsa moloko oa bobeli li ne li e-na le senotlolo se ka morao sa li-axle. Monyetla ona o entse hore ho khonehe ho eketsa matla a ho tšela naha maemong a thata a leholimo le a litsela. Moetsi oa likoloi o fane ka waranti ea lilemo tse 2 bakeng sa likoloi tsohle tsa LT, le waranti ea lilemo tse 12 bakeng sa mosebetsi oa 'mele.
Tafole: litekanyo le boima ba liveni tsa thepa
| Litekanyo, motheo, boima | Volkswagen LT 28 II | Volkswagen LT 35 II | Volkswagen LT46 |
| Bolelele, limilimithara | 4835 | 5585 | 6535 |
| Bophara, limilimithara | 1933 | 1933 | 1994 |
| Bophahamo, mm | 2350 | 2570 | 2610 |
| Wheelbase, limilimithara | 3000 | 3550 | 4025 |
| boima ba 'mele, lik'hilograma | 1817 | 1977 | 2377 |
| Boima bo felletseng | 2800 | 3500 | 4600 |
Tafole e bonts'a liveni tse nang le li-wheelbase tse fapaneng. Haeba metheo ea liphetoho tse fapaneng e tšoana, joale litekanyo tsa tsona li tšoana. Ka mohlala, li-minivans LT 28 le 35 li na le wheelbase ea limilimithara tse likete tse 3, kahoo litekanyo tsa tsona li tšoana le tsa LT 28 tse nang le setsi se tšoanang. Ke feela ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele le boima ba 'mele bo fapaneng.
Tafole: litekanyo le boima ba li-pickup
| Litekanyo, motheo, boima | Volkswagen LT 28 II | Volkswagen LT 35 II | Volkswagen LT46 |
| Bolelele, limilimithara | 5070 | 5855 | 6803 |
| Bophara, limilimithara | 1922 | 1922 | 1922 |
| Bophahamo, mm | 2150 | 2155 | 2160 |
| Wheelbase, limilimithara | 3000 | 3550 | 4025 |
| boima ba 'mele, lik'hilograma | 1857 | 2031 | 2272 |
| Boima bo felletseng | 2800 | 3500 | 4600 |
Ha ho na melemo le bofokoli ba liphetoho tse ling mabapi le tse ling. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mehlala e na le bokhoni bo itseng ba mojaro, bo khethollang boholo ba eona. Letoto lohle le na le merero e mengata, ke hore, mehlala ea eona e hlahisoa ka mefuta e fapaneng ea liphetoho. Ho kopanngoa ha lienjineri, li-interiors tsa cab le lisebelisoa tse tsamaisang li boetse li felisa phapang lipakeng tsa LT 28, 35 le 46.
Video: "Volkswagen LT 46 II"
Melemo le bofokoli ba likoloi tse nang le enjine ea peterole le disele
Phapano ke efe lipakeng tsa lienjine tsa peterole le tsa diesel? Mabapi le moralo, li ts'oana, empa lienjineri tsa diesel li rarahane ebile li kholo haholo ka moralo, ke ka lebaka leo li bitsang chelete e ngata. Ka nako e ts'oanang, li tšoarella nako e telele ka lebaka la likarolo tsa tsona le tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse molemo ha li etsoa. Mafura a lienjineri tsa diesel ke mafura a disele a theko e tlase, bakeng sa lienjineri tsa ente - peterole. Motsoako oa mafura a moea lienjineng tsa ente o hotetsoa ke tlhase e entsoeng ka likerese.
Likamoreng tse tukang tsa lienjine tsa diesel, khatello ea moea e phahama ho tloha ho hatelloa ha eona ke li-piston, ha mocheso oa boima ba moea o ntse o phahama. Joale, ha likarolo tsena ka bobeli li fihla boleng bo lekaneng (khatello - 5 MPa, mocheso - 900 ° C), li-nozzles li kenya mafura a disele. Mona ke moo ho tukang ho hlahang teng. E le hore peterole ea dizeli e kene ka kamoreng e tukang, ho sebelisoa pompo e nang le khatello e phahameng ea mafura (TNVD).
Ntho e ikhethang ea ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa diesel e ba lumella ho fumana matla a lekantsoeng esita le ka palo e fokolang ea liphetoho, ho qala ho tloha ho 2 tse likete ka motsotso. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore diesel ha e fane ka litlhoko tsa ho fetoha ha mafura a diesel. Ka lienjene tsa peterole, boemo bo mpefala le ho feta. Ba fumana matla a nameplate feela ho tsoa ho li-revolutions tse likete tse 3,5-4 ka motsotso mme sena ke bofokoli ba bona.
Molemo o mong oa lienjiniere tsa diesel ke bokhoni. Sistimi ea Common Rail, eo hajoale e kentsoeng lienjineng tsohle tsa disele tse entsoeng Europe, e lekanya phepelo ea mafura a disele ka nepo ea limiligrama 'me e lekanya ka nepo nako ea phepelo ea eona. Ka lebaka la sena, ts'ebetso ea bona e batla e phahame ka 40% ha e bapisoa le likarolo tsa peterole, 'me tšebeliso ea mafura e tlase ho 20-30%. Ho phaella moo, ho na le carbon monoxide e fokolang ka mokelikeli oa dizeli, e leng molemo hape 'me hona joale o lumellana le maemo a tikoloho ea Euro 6. Li-filters tse nang le likaroloana li tlosa ka katleho metsoako e kotsi ho tsoa mosi.
Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore dienjini tsa disele tse hlahisitsoeng lilemo tse 30 tse fetileng li ntse li le moruo ho feta lienjineri tsa peterole tsa carburetor tsa nako e tšoanang ea tlhahiso. Mefokolo ea likarolo tsa diesel e kenyelletsa boemo bo phahameng ba lerata, hammoho le ho thothomela ho tsamaeang le mosebetsi oa bona. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore khatello e phahameng e thehoa likamoreng tse tukang. Lena ke le leng la mabaka a etsang hore li be kholoanyane. Ho boetse ho na le mathata a mang:
- kutlo ho boleng ba mafura;
- theko e phahameng ea tokiso;
- lebelo le lenyenyane la lebelo (ho fihla ho 4500 ka motsotso).
Kaha o tseba likarolo tsa mefuta e 'meli ea lienjineri, mong'a e mong le e mong oa ka moso a ka khetha ho reka sephutheloana sa diesel se theko e boima haholo kapa a khetha khetho ka enjene ea peterole.
Video: enjene ea diesel kapa peterole - ke enjene efe e molemo
Maikutlo a beng le bakhanni ka Volkswagen LT
Letoto la pele le la bobeli la LT le 'nile la sebetsa ka nako e telele. "Volkswagen LT" ea moloko oa pele, e lokollotsoeng lilemo tse 20 ho isa ho tse 40 tse fetileng, e ntse e tsoela pele. Sena se bua ka boleng bo botle ba "Jeremane" le boemo bo botle ba mechine ena. Li-Rarities li bitsa lidolara tse 6 ho isa ho tse 10 ho sa tsotellehe botsofali ba bona. Ka hona, litekanyetso tsa likoloi tsena li lokeloa ke tlhokomelo.
Volkswagen LT 1987 2.4 le phetiso pukwanana. Koloi e ntle haholo! E ile ea tsoela pele ka lilemo tse 4 le likhoeli tse 6, ho ne ho se na mathata. Ho matha ka bonolo le ka thata. Ka mor'a bulkhead bulkhead, feela ka mor'a lilemo tse 2 ho ne ho hlokahala hore ho nkeloe sebaka sa bolo e ka holimo le lihlahla tse ka ntle tsa stabilizer. Enjene e ka tšeptjoa ebile e bonolo. Ho sebelisoa motseng ho fihlela ho lilithara tse 10 (ka litekanyo tse joalo le tse joalo). E tsitsitse seporong, empa ka lebaka la moea o moholo oa moea e khona ho utloa ho foka ha moea. Kamore e kholo haholo. Ka mor'a hore u kene ka GAZelle, Mercedes-100 MV, Fiat-Ducat (ho fihlela 94) 'me u utloisise hantle hore u mong'a ntlo e kholo. 'Mele foreimi, overload ha e tšabe. Ka kakaretso, ke ne ke rata koloi. Ke e rekisitse likhoeling tse peli tse fetileng, 'me ke ntse ke e hopola e le motsoalle ea tšepahalang le ea tšepahalang ...
Volkswagen LT 1986 koloi e tšepahalang haholo. "Tšephe" ea rona ha e ee papisong leha e le efe. Hoo e ka bang sebaka sohle sa koloi se na le boima ba lithane tse 2,5. E sebetsoa mariha le lehlabula. Ha re na boikaketsi ho mafura le oli ea rona. Ho notlela axle e ka morao - sena ke seo u se hlokang mahaeng.
Volkswagen LT 1999 Koloi e ntle haholo! Tshephe e ke ke ya ema haufi le yona, e boloka tsela ka ho phethahala. Leboneng la sephethe-phethe, le tloha sebakeng seo habonolo ho tloha koloing ea baeti ea lapeng. Ba lakatsang ho reka vene ea tšepe eohle, ke u eletsa hore u lule ho eona. E betere ho feta mofuta ofe kapa ofe sehlopheng sena.
Likoloi tsa khoebo tse hlahisoang ke ho ameha ha Volkswagen li tšepahala ebile ha li na boikokobetso hoo ho leng thata haholo ho fumana litlhaloso tse mpe ka tsona.
Volkswagen e entse sohle se matleng a eona, ho hlahisa likoloi tsa khoebo tse tšepahalang le tse se nang boikaketsi ka lilemo tse fetang mashome a mane. Taba ea hore baetsi ba likoloi ba Europe - MAN le Mersedes-Benz - ba khothalelitse nts'etsopele e kopaneng ea likoloi tse joalo, e bua ka bolaoli bo sa belaetseng le boetapele ba Volkswagen. Tsoelo-pele ea nako le nako le ho hlahisoa ha lits'ebetso tsa morao-rao li lebisitse ho taba ea hore ka 4 mohopolo oa hae oa morao-rao - Volkswagen Crafter e ntlafalitsoeng - e ile ea amoheloa e le van e ntle ka ho fetisisa k'honthinenteng ea Europe.
