Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
Malebela bakeng sa bakhanni

Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo

Ho sa tsotellehe moralo o bonolo oa li-valve le li-valve stem seals tsa enjene, likarolo tsena li etsa mosebetsi oa bohlokoa, ntle le hore ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea motlakase e ke ke ea khoneha. Ho sebetsa hantle ha enjene ka kotloloho ho ipapisitse le ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea li-valve: matla, chefo, tšebeliso ea mafura. Ka hona, botšepehi ba bona, joalo ka ho lokisoa ha tumello, bo bohlokoa haholo.

Sepheo sa li-valve ka mochine oa VAZ 2105

Ka enjene ea VAZ 2105, joalo ka enjene efe kapa efe e tukang ka hare, li-valve ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea mochini oa phepelo ea khase. Ho "tse hlano" ka setsing sa matla, ho sebelisoa li-valve tse 8: ho na le li-valve tse 2 bakeng sa cylinder e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, sepheo sa eona se ka sehloohong ke kabo e nepahetseng ea likhase. Ka lihlopha, motsoako oa mafura le moea li fanoa ka kamoreng e tukang ka mokhoa o mongata oa ho kenya 'me likhase tsa exhaust li ntšoa ka sistimi ea mosi. Ha ho e-na le ho senyeha ha valve leha e le efe, ts'ebetso ea mochine oa ho aba khase, hammoho le enjene eohle ka kakaretso, e senyeha.

Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
Li-valve tse hloohong ea silinda li fana ka motsoako oa mafura-moea kamoreng e tukang le likhase tsa ho tsoa.

Phetoho ea li-valve ho VAZ 2105

Likoloi tsa lelapa la VAZ, tse kang VAZ 2101/07, li na le lienjineri tse nang le moralo o tšoanang. Phapang ke, e le molao, ka litšobotsi tse ling tsa tekheniki. Sena se o nolofalletsa ho etsa mosebetsi oa ho lokisa le oa ho lokisa ka bouena. Ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea enjene ea VAZ 2105 ha e khonehe ntle le li-valve tse hlophisitsoeng hantle. Mokhoa ona o loketse limela tsohle tsa matla tsa mefuta ea khale ea Zhiguli. Moko oa phetoho ke ho fetola lekhalo lipakeng tsa rocker le camshaft cam. Ka kopo hlokomela hore phetoho e tlameha ho etsoa ka mochine o batang.

Ke neng hona hobaneng ho hlokahala hore ho lokisoe valve?

Phetoho ea li-valve ho VAZ 2105 e qala haeba ho na le tlōlo ea lekhalo. Ho utloisisa hore na matšoao ke afe le hore na lekhalo le fosahetseng le ka lebisa ho eng, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa motsotso ona ka botlalo. Letšoao le ka sehloohong la tumello e fosahetseng ea nako ke ho ba teng ha tšepe e kokota sebakeng sa hlooho ea silinda. Qalong, ho kokota hona ho bonahala feela ho e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e sebetsang ea enjene, mohlala, ha e sa sebetse, empa ha koloi e sebelisoa, e tla bonoa ka mekhoa eohle.

Lekhalo le ka fapana ka bobeli holimo le tlase ho boleng ba lebitso. Ho sa tsotellehe boemo leha e le bofe, parameter e fosahetseng e tla ama ho fokotseha ha matla a enjene. Tabeng ea tumello e fokotsehileng, valve e tla hatelloa ke rocker, e leng se tla lebisa ho tlōlo ea ho tiea ha silinda le ho fokotseha ha khatello. Ka lebaka leo, ho chesoa ha moeli o sebetsang oa valve le setulo sa eona hoa khoneha.

Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
Karolo ea hlooho ea cylinder haufi le valve ea ho qeta: 1 - hlooho ea silinda; 2 - valve ea ho qeta; 3 - sekoahelo sa oli ea deflector; 4 - lever ea valve; 5 - camshaft behang matlo; 6 - camshaft; 7 - ho lokisa bolt; 8 - nate ea senotlolo sa bolt; A - lekhalo pakeng tsa lever le camshaft cam

Ka lekhalo le ntseng le eketseha, ho phalla ha motsoako oa mafura le moea ka kamoreng ea mollo ho tla fokotseha ka lebaka la nako e khutšoanyane ea ho bula valve. Ho feta moo, likhase li tla ntšoa ka molumo o sa fellang. E le ho qoba li-nuances tse thathamisitsoeng ho "tse hlano", ho hlokahala hore ho lokisoe valve ka lik'hilomithara tse likete tse 15-20. matha.

Lisebelisoa tsa ho fetola

E 'ngoe ea maemo a ho lokisa li-valve tse nepahetseng ke ho fumaneha ha lisebelisoa tse hlokahalang le tsebo ea tatellano ea liketso. Ho tsoa ho lisebelisoa u tla hloka ho lokisa lenane le latelang:

  • senotlolo se khethehileng sa ho potoloha crankshaft;
  • li-wrenches tse bulehileng le tsa socket (bakeng sa 8, 10, 13, 17);
  • screwdriver e sephara;
  • probe le botenya ba 0,15 limilimithara.
Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
Ho tlosoa ha mocheso oa li-valve ho lokisoa ho sebelisoa probe e khethehileng e pharaletseng

Ts'ebetso ea ho lokisa e etsoa ka probe e khethehileng e pharaletseng, e sebelisetsoang ts'ebetso eo ho buuoang ka eona.

Tsamaiso ea phetoho

Pele ho phetoho, hoa hlokahala ho qhaqha likarolo tse ling, e leng sefahla sa moea le ntlo ea sona, thapo e monyang e tsoang ho carburetor, throttle rod, le sekoahelo sa valve. Ho ka ba molemo ho tlosa sekoahelo ho distributor e le hore ho se ke ha e-ba le tšitiso ea ho lokisa. Qalong, hoa hlokahala ho beha mekhoa ea enjene ka matšoao: ho na le matšoao holim'a pulley ea crankshaft le sekoahelong sa pele sa nako. Re beha letšoao holim'a pulley khahlanong le bolelele ba likotsi sekoahelong.

Hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore li-valve li laoloa ka tatellano e itseng. Ena ke eona feela tsela ea ho lokisa mokhoa oa nako hantle.

Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
Pele o qala ho lokisa "valve clearance", kenya crankshaft le camshaft ho latela matšoao

Mokhoa oa ho lokisa o na le mehato e latelang:

  1. Ka mor'a hore boemo ba crankshaft bo behoe ho ea ka matšoao, re hlahloba sebaka sa ho hlaka ka mochine oa molumo ho li-camshaft tsa 6 le 8. Ho etsa sena, kenya sesebelisoa pakeng tsa rocker le camshaft cam. Haeba probe e kena ka boiteko bo fokolang, ha ho hlokahale hore ho lokisoe.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Ho lekola phihlello ea mocheso oa li-valve, kenya probe lipakeng tsa rocker le camshaft cam.
  2. Tokiso ea hlokahala haeba probe e le thata ho kena kapa e hlephile haholo. Re etsa ts'ebetso ka linotlolo tsa 13 le 17. Pele re tšoara hlooho ea bolt, 'me ka lekhetlo la bobeli re hlakola nut ea senotlolo. Ebe re kenya probe 'me, ka ho potoloha bolt, khetha boemo bo lakatsehang. Ka mor'a hore re phuthe linate ebe re etsa tekanyo ea ho laola.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Ho lokisa lekhalo, re sebelisa linotlolo tsa 13 le 17. Re tšoara bolt pele, 'me re thimolle nut ea senotlolo ka ea bobeli. Ka ho fetola bolt re fihlella tumello e lakatsehang
  3. Re lekanya le ho lokisa ho hlaka ho li-valve tse setseng ka tatellano e tšoanang. Ho etsa sena, potoloha crankshaft 180˚ 'me u fetole li-valve 4 le 7.
  4. Re fetola crankshaft halofo e 'ngoe ho fetola li-valve tsa 1 le 3.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Ka senotlolo se khethehileng, fetola crankshaft halofo e 'ngoe ho fetola li-valve tsa 1 le 3
  5. Qetellong ea ts'ebetso, re lokisa tumello ho li-valve tsa 2 le 5.

Mokhoa oa ho lokisa ha o thata haholo kaha o hloka tlhokomelo, ho nepahala le ho nepahala. Ha u potoloha crankshaft, ho bohlokoa ho hokahanya matšoao ka ho hlaka. Bakeng sa kutloisiso e ntle ea ts'ebetso, ho fanoa ka tafole moo ho hlakileng hore na ke valve efe le hore na ke boemo bofe ba crankshaft bo lokelang ho lokisoa.

Letlapa: ho lokisa tumello ea mocheso ea li-valve VAZ 2105

Angle ea potoloho

crankshaft (gr)
Angle ea potoloho

camshaft (gr)
Linomoro tsa cylinderLinomoro tsa valve tse feto-fetohang
004 le 38 le 6
180902 le 44 le 7
3601801 le 21 le 3
5402703 le 15 le 2

Ka mor'a ketsahalo, re bokella likarolo tse qhetsoeng ka tatellano e fapaneng.

Video: phetoho ea li-valve ho mohlala oa VAZ 2105 e nang le lebanta

GT (Lihlooho tsa Karache) Tokiso ea valve ho VAZ 2105 (2101 2107)

Litekanyetso tsa ho hlakola

Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea enjene, ho futhumatsa le ho atolosoa ha likarolo tsa eona ho etsahala. Ho etsa bonnete ba hore ho na le sekhahla se lekaneng sa valve, ho hlokahala lekhalo la mocheso, leo likoloi tsa VAZ 2101/07 li lokelang ho ba 0,15 mm, tse lumellanang le boholo ba probe e sebelisetsoang ho lokisa.

Litiiso tsa li-valve stem

Litiiso tsa li-valve stem, tseo hape li bitsoang li-valve seal, haholo-holo li thibela oli ho kena ka kamoreng e tukang ea enjene. Joalo ka likarolo tse ling tsa yuniti ea matla, li-caps li felloa ke nako ka mor'a nako, tse amang ho fokotseha ha katleho ea tsona. Ka lebaka la ho roala, litiiso li qala ho tsoa oli. Sena se lebisa ho eketseha ha tšebeliso ea lubricant le mathata a mang a tloaelehileng.

Li-valve li-seal ke tsa eng?

Mochine oa nako o sebelisa mefuta e 'meli ea li-valve: ho kenya le ho qeta nako. Karolo e ka holimo ea kutu ea valve e lula e kopana le camshaft, e leng se etsang hore oli ea enjene e be moholi. Lehlakore le ka morao la valve ea ho noa le sebakeng seo ho emisitsoeng marotholi a mafura, 'me karolo ea ho tima e sebakeng sa likhase tse chesang tse tsoang.

Camshaft e ke ke ea sebetsa ntle le phepelo ea kamehla ea mafura. Leha ho le joalo, ho kena ha oli ka har'a silindara ke mokhoa o sa rateheng. E le ho thibela ho kenella ha lubricant ka phaposing e tukang, ho ile ha etsoa litiiso tsa li-valve stem. Sebopeho sa lebokose la ho roala lintho ke hore ka thuso ea lona, ​​nakong ea ho tsamaisana ha valve, oli e tlosoa ho tloha kutu.

Seo u ka se kenyang litiiso tsa "valve stem" ho VAZ 2105

Haeba ho hlokahala hore ho nkeloe sebaka sa "valve seal" ho "tse hlano", ho hlaha potso e amanang le eona - ke li-caps life tseo u lokelang ho li khetha e le hore li tšoarelle nako e telele kamoo ho ka khonehang? Ho itšetlehile ka phihlelo ea bakhanni ba bangata ba likoloi, bahlahisi ba kang Elring, Victor Reinz le Corteco ba lokela ho khethoa.

Ke eng e etsang hore setiiso sa oli se apareloe

Ho utloisisa litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa ho sebelisa enjene e nang le li-valve tse tsofetseng, ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka matšoao a ho hloleha ha bona. Hoa hlokahala ho nahana ka taba ea hore li-caps li fetohile tse sa sebelisoeng 'me li hloka ho nkeloa sebaka maemong a latelang:

Letšoao la pele le bontša hore kepisi e tsofetseng e lumella oli ho ea ho e batang, 'me ka mor'a hore enjene e futhumale ka lebaka la ho atoloha, karolo e khona ho etsa mesebetsi ea eona. Ponahalo ea soot e ka amahanngoa eseng feela le litiiso tsa valve, kahoo o tla hloka ho etsa tlhahlobo ea enjene ho fumana hore na bothata ke bofe. E lokela ho hopoloa hore bophelo bo tloaelehileng ba tšebeletso ea li-cuffs ke hoo e ka bang lik'hilomithara tse 70-80. Haeba ka mor'a ho matha ho joalo ho na le matšoao a ho senya le ho senya, joale monyetla oa hore bothata bo teng ho bona oa eketseha.

Beng ba likoloi ba bang ha ba kenye bohlokoa bo boholo ho matšoao a ho se sebetse hantle ha likarolo tsa ho tiisa, 'me ha e le hantle ke lefeela. Ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore koloi e ntse e khanna 'me ha ho na mathata a bonahalang, mathata a tebileng a enjene a ka khoneha nakong e tlang. Nka bonyane tšebeliso ea oli. Ka keketseho ea eona, "tlala ea oli" ea enjene e hlaha, e lebisang ho roaloa pele ho nako ea likarolo, ka mor'a moo ho hlokahala phetoho e kholo. Ho feta moo, lubricant ea enjene ha e theko e tlase haholo. Haeba u hloka ho lula u eketsa oli, joale sena se ke ke sa bonahala ka tekanyetso ka tsela e molemohali.

Ka ho kena ha oli kamehla ka kamoreng e tukang, likerese li hlōleha pele ho nako, tse amang hampe ts'ebetso ea mochine oa matla. Ho phaella moo, li-deposit tsa carbon ha li thehoe feela ka likerese, empa hape le li-valve, li-piston le marako a li-cylinder. E sokela eng? Bothata bo tloaelehileng haholo ke li-valve tse chesitsoeng. Ho sena re ka fihlela qeto ea hore ho roala li-cuffs ho ka lebisa liphellong tse tebileng le litšenyehelo tse ngata tsa lichelete. Ka hona, haeba matšoao a ho roala a fumanoa litiisong, u se ke ua lieha ho li nkela sebaka.

Mokhoa oa ho fetola litiiso tsa "valve stem" ho VAZ 2105

Ho fetola li-caps ho ke ke ha khoneha ntle le sesebelisoa se loketseng, kahoo u lokela ho hlokomela ho e lokisetsa. Ho etsa mokhoa ona, re hloka:

Pele u lokela ho etsa mosebetsi oa ho itokisa, o phehang ho qhaqha ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tla kena-kenana le ho nkeloa sebaka ha li-caps. Lintho tsena li kenyelletsa sefe ea moea hammoho le ntlo, sekoaelo sa valve, thapo ea ho hula le ho sutumetsa ho tloha pedal ea khase ho ea ho carburetor. Karolo e setseng ea ts'ebetso ea ho fetola e na le mehato e latelang:

  1. Re beha crankshaft sebakeng seo li-cylinders 1 le 4 li tlang ho ba TDC.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Re beha crankshaft sebakeng seo li-cylinders 1 le 4 li tla ba teng ho TDC: letšoao la pulley le lokela ho fapana le bolelele ba kotsi sekoahelong sa nako.
  2. Lokolla boutu ea gear ea camshaft.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Re koba moeli oa washer ea senotlolo sa camshaft sprocket bolt, ka mor'a moo re lokolla li-fasteners.
  3. Re tlosa ho tiisa ho tiisa ketane, re lokolla ketane ebe re tiisa linate.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    U sebelisa 13 wrench, lokolla ketane ea tensioner cap nut. Ha re beha lehare le holimo khahlano le seeta sa tensioner, re petetsa molamu oa tensioner ebe re o lokisa ka ho tiisa cap nut.
  4. Re qhaqha bolt e sireletsang lisebelisoa tsa camshaft ebe rea e tlosa. Ho thibela ketane hore e se ke ea oa, ho ka sebelisoa terata ho e lokisa.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Re tlosa sprocket hammoho le ketane ea camshaft ebe re e kenya hloohong ea block. Ho thibela ketane ho qhoma, re e tlama ho asterisk
  5. Re manolla li-fasteners tsa matlo a bere ebe re qhaqha kopano ho tloha hloohong ea boloko.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    U sebelisa senotlolo sa 13, lokolla linate tse robong ho boloka ntlo e nang le camshaft.
  6. Re qhaqha kerese ea cylinder ea pele ebe re kenya bar ea lintho tse bonolo ka mokoting ho tšoara valve.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Pakeng tsa piston le poleiti ea valve (eo re fetolang cap), re kenya mohala o bonolo oa tšepe o nang le bophara ba hoo e ka bang 8 mm. Maemong a feteletseng, o ka sebelisa screwdriver
  7. Ho hatella nakong ea selemo, re sebelisa cracker, 'me ka thuso ea lisebelisoa tse telele tsa nko kapa li-tweezers, re ntša li-crackers tsa valve. Bakeng sa boiketlo, o ka sebelisa makenete.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Re hatella liliba tsa valve ka cracker ebe re tlosa li-crackers ka li-tweezers
  8. Tlosa poleiti e ka holimo, liliba le li-washer tse tšehetsang.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Tlosa poleiti e ka holimo, liliba le li-washer ho tloha kutung ea valve
  9. Re kenya cap remover holim'a valve ebe re tlosa tšoelesa.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    U ka tlosa cap, ka screwdriver kapa sesebelisoa se khethehileng.
  10. Ho kenya cuff e ncha, re e kolobisa pele ka grease ea enjene ebe re sebelisa mochine ho e beha holim'a kutu ea valve.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Tlotsa ntlha e sebetsang ea cap e ncha ka oli ea enjene ebe u e beha holim'a kutu ea valve
  11. Re pheta mokhoa o ts'oanang le valve ea bone.
  12. Ha re se re phetetse halofo ea crankshaft, re omisa li-valve 2 le 3. Re fetola litiiso ka tsela e ts'oanang.
  13. Ho fetola crankshaft 180˚, ebe halofo e 'ngoe e fetoha, re nkela li-caps holim'a li-valve tse lumellanang.

Ka mor'a ho kenya litiiso tsohle, re kopanya mochine ka tatellano e fapaneng. Pele re kenya camshaft sebakeng sa eona, ka ho potoloha crankshaft, re beha slide ea distributor sebakeng seo e ileng ea qhaqhoa ho sona. Ka mor'a kopano, e sala e le ho lokisa ho tlosoa ha mocheso oa li-valve.

Video: ho fetola likatiba tsa oli ho mefuta ea khale ea VAZ

Sekoahelo sa valve

Beng ba VAZ 2105, joalo ka mefuta e meng ea khale, hangata ba tobana le bothata ba enjene ea oli. Boemo bo sa thabiseng bo ka iponahatsa ka bobeli ka mokhoa oa li-smudges tse nyenyane le tse bohlokoa, tse bontšang ho hlōleha ha sekoahelo sa valve gasket. Ho fetola tiiso ha se mosebetsi o boima mme o tla hloka bonyane ba boiteko le lisebelisoa, joalo ka:

Ho fetola gasket ea sekoaelo sa valve ho VAZ 2105

Mosebetsi oa ho fetola tiiso ea sekoahelo sa valve ho "bohlano" o etsoa ka tatellano e latelang:

  1. Ho fihlella mahala ho sekoahelo, re qhaqha sefefo sa moea le matlo, a khomaretsoeng ho carburetor.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Ho fumana sekoahelo sa valve, o tla hloka ho tlosa sefe ea moea le ntlo ea eona
  2. Tlosa hose ea ho ntša metsi ka crankcase ka ho lokolla clamp.
  3. Hakolla molamu oa carburetor throttle drive le thapo ea ho hula.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Ka screwdriver e tšesaane re phunya le ho tlosa sekotwana sa selemo, tlosa molamu ho tswa ho throttle drive shaft
  4. Re tlosa linate tse sireletsang sekoahelo sa valve ka senotlolo sa 10. Bakeng sa boiketlo, o ka sebelisa ratchet e nang le hlooho ea tekanyo e loketseng.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    U sebelisa senotlolo sa 10, qhaqha linate tse robeli ho sireletsa sekoahelo sa cylinder
  5. Ka mor'a ho tlosa li-fasteners, tlosa li-washer 'me u qhaqha sekoahelo ho tloha ho li-studs ka lehlakoreng le itseng.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Sekoahelo sa valve se tlameha ho tlosoa ho li-studs ka lehlakoreng le itseng
  6. Ha sekoahelo se tlosoa, tlosa gasket ea khale 'me u hlakole litulo holim'a hlooho ea cylinder le sekoahelo ka boeona ka rag e hloekileng. Ebe re kenya tiiso e ncha holim'a li-studs.
    Ho hlokahala neng hona joang ho lokisa li-valve ho VAZ 2105: tatellano ea ts'ebetso le lifoto le livideo
    Re tlosa gasket ea khale, hlakola litulo hloohong le sekoahelo, kenya tiiso e ncha
  7. Re beha sekoaelo le likarolo tsohle ka tatellano e fapaneng.

Taelo ea ho tiisa sekoahelo sa li-valve

E le ho qoba ho khopama ha u phahamisa sekoahelo sa valve, linate li tlameha ho tiisoa ka tatellano e itseng, joalokaha ho ka bonoa setšoantšong se ka tlase.

Ponahalo ea ho se sebetse leha e le efe kapa esita le matšoao a bona a amanang le ho roala ha li-valve kapa li-valve ka botsona ha lia lokela ho hlokomolohuoa. Haeba u fetola karolo e hlōlehileng kapa u etsa liphetoho tse hlokahalang ka nako e loketseng, u ka qoba ho lokisoa ha enjene e theko e boima. Ka hona, ke habohlokoa ho shebella boemo ba botekgeniki ba yuniti ea matla le ho etsa tlhokomelo e hlokahalang ho latela litlhahiso tsa moetsi.

Eketsa ka tlhaloso