Nalane ea Liqapi - Nanotechnology

E se e le lilemo tse ka bang 600 BC. batho ba ne ba hlahisa meaho ea nanotype, ke hore likhoele tsa samente ka tšepe, tse bitsoang Wootz. Sena se etsahetse India, 'me sena se ka nkoa e le tšimoloho ea histori ea nanotechnology.

VI-XV s. Lidae tse neng li sebelisoa nakong ena ha ho penta lifensetere tsa likhalase tse silafetseng li sebelisa nanoparticles ea khauta ea chloride, li-chloride tsa litšepe tse ling, hammoho le li-oxide tsa tšepe.

IX-XVII lilemo tse makholo Libakeng tse ngata tsa Europe, "glitters" le lintho tse ling li hlahisoa ho fana ka khanya ho lirafshoa le lihlahisoa tse ling. Li ne li e-na le li-nanoparticles tsa tšepe, hangata silevera kapa koporo.

XIII-xviii w. "Damaseka tšepe" e hlahisitsoeng makholong ana a lilemo, moo libetsa tse tšoeu tse tummeng lefatšeng ka bophara li entsoeng ka tsona, li na le carbon nanotubes le cementite nanofibers.

1857 Michael Faraday o sibolla khauta ea colloidal e 'mala oa ruby, tšobotsi ea li-nanoparticles tsa khauta.

1931 Max Knoll le Ernst Ruska ba haha ​​microscope ea elektronike Berlin, sesebelisoa sa pele sa ho bona sebopeho sa nanoparticles boemong ba athomo. Ha matla a lielektrone a ntse a eketseha, bolelele ba maqhubu a tsona a khutsufatsoa le qeto e kholo ea maekorosekopo. Mohlala o ka har'a vacuum 'me hangata o koahetsoe ka filimi ea tšepe. Sefate sa elektronike se feta nthong e lekiloeng ebe se kena ho li-detectors. Ho ipapisitsoe le matšoao a lekantsoeng, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki li bopa setšoantšo sa sampole ea tlhahlobo.

1936 Erwin Müller, ea sebetsang ho Siemens Laboratories, o qapa microscope ea tšimo, e leng mokhoa o bonolo ka ho fetisisa oa microscope ea elektronike. Microscope ena e sebelisa sebaka se matla sa motlakase bakeng sa ho ntša le ho etsa litšoantšo.

1950 Victor La Mer le Robert Dinegar ba theha metheo ea theory bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho fumana lisebelisoa tsa colloidal monodisperse. Sena se ile sa lumella tlhahiso ea mefuta e khethehileng ea pampiri, lipente le lifilimi tse tšesaane ka tekanyo ea indasteri.

1956 Arthur von Hippel oa Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) o ile a qapa lentsoe "molecular engineering".

1959 Richard Feynman o fana ka lipuo ka "Ho na le sebaka se ngata ka tlase." A qala ka ho inahanela hore na ho ne ho tla hlokahala eng ho kenya Encyclopædia Britannica ea meqolo e 24 holim’a hlooho ea phini, o ile a qala ka khopolo ea ho etsa lintho tse nyenyane le monyetla oa ho sebelisa theknoloji e ka sebetsang boemong ba nanometer. Ketsahalong ena, o ile a theha likhau tse peli (tse bitsoang Feynman Prizes) bakeng sa katleho sebakeng sena - lidolara tse sekete ka 'ngoe.

1960 Tefo ea pele ea moputso e ile ea soabisa Feynman. O ne a nahana hore ho ne ho tla hlokahala tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji e le hore a finyelle lipakane tsa hae, empa ka nako eo o ile a khella fatše matla a manyenyane a elektronike. Mohlōli e ne e le moenjiniere ea lilemo li 35 William H. McLellan. O entse enjene e boima ba 250 micrograms, e nang le matla a 1 mW.

1968 Alfred Y. Cho le John Arthur ba hlahisa mokhoa oa epitaxy. E lumella ho theoa ha likarolo tsa holim'a monoatomic ho sebelisa theknoloji ea semiconductor - kholo ea likarolo tse ncha tsa kristale e le 'ngoe holim'a substrate e teng ea kristale, ho qopitsa sebopeho sa karoloana e teng ea crystalline substrate. Phapang ea epitaxy ke epitaxy ea metsoako ea limolek'hule, e etsang hore ho khonehe ho kenya likarolo tsa kristale ka botenya ba lera le le leng la athomo. Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa ha ho etsoa matheba a quantum le seo ho thoeng ke li- layers tse tšesaane.

1974 Kenyelletso ea lentsoe "nanotechnology". E ile ea sebelisoa ka lekhetlo la pele ke mofuputsi oa Univesithi ea Tokyo Norio Taniguchi sebokeng sa saense. Tlhaloso ea fisiks ea Majapane e ntse e sebelisoa le kajeno 'me e utloahala tjena: "Nanotechnology ke tlhahiso e sebelisang theknoloji e lumellang ho finyella ho nepahala ho phahameng haholo le boholo bo fokolang haholo, ke hore. ho nepahala ha tatellano ea 1 nm.

Pono ea ho theoha ha quantum

Lilemong tsa bo-80 le bo-90 Nako ea tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea thekenoloji ea lithographic le tlhahiso ea likarolo tsa ultrathin tsa likristale. Ea pele, MOCVD (), ke mokhoa oa ho beha likarolo holim'a lisebelisoa ho sebelisa metsoako ea gaseous organometallic. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea epitaxial, ka hona lebitso la eona le leng - MOSFE (). Mokhoa oa bobeli, MBE, o etsa hore ho khonehe ho kenya li-nanometer tse tšesaane haholo ka sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tse hlalositsoeng hantle le kabo e nepahetseng ea boemo ba mahloriso a litšila. Sena se ka khoneha ka lebaka la hore likarolo tsa lera li fanoa ho substrate ka maballo a limolek'hule a arohaneng.

1981 Gerd Binnig le Heinrich Rohrer ba theha maekerosekoupo ea ho lekola. U sebelisa matla a litšebelisano tsa interatomic, e u lumella ho fumana setšoantšo sa bokaholimo ka qeto ea tatellano ea boholo ba athomo e le 'ngoe, ka ho fetisa lehare ka holimo kapa ka tlase ho holim'a sampuli. Ka 1989, sesebelisoa sena se ile sa sebelisoa ho laola liathomo ka bomong. Binnig le Rohrer ba ile ba fuoa Khau ea Nobel ea Fisiks ka 1986.

1985 Louis Brus oa Bell Labs o sibolla li-colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (matheba a quantum). Li hlalosoa e le sebaka se senyenyane sa sebaka se tlanngoeng ka litekanyo tse tharo ke litšitiso tse ka bang teng ha karoloana e nang le leqhubu le lekanang le boholo ba letheba e kena.

Sekoahelo sa buka ea Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology ka C. Eric Drexler

1985 Robert Floyd Curl, Jr., Harold Walter Kroto, le Richard Erret Smalley ba sibolla fullerenes, limolek'hule tse entsoeng ka palo e lekanang ea liathomo tsa carbon (ho tloha ho 28 ho isa ho 1500) tse etsang 'mele o koetsoeng o koetsoeng. Lintho tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa fullerenes li tšoana ka litsela tse ngata le tsa li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate. Fullerene C60, kapa buckminsterfullerene, joalo ka fullerenes tse ling, ke mofuta oa allotropic oa carbon.

1986-1992 C. Eric Drexler o hatisa libuka tse peli tsa bohlokoa tsa thuto ea bokamoso tse tumisang nanotechnology. Ea pele, e lokollotsoeng ka 1986, e bitsoa Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. O bolela esale pele, har’a tse ling, hore theknoloji ea kamoso e tla khona ho laola liathomo ka bomong ka tsela e laoloang. Ka 1992, o ile a hatisa Nanosystems: Molecular Hardware, Manufacturing, and Computational Idea, eo le eona e ileng ea bolela esale pele hore li-nanomachine li ka ikatisa.

1989 Donald M. Aigler oa IBM o beha lentsoe "IBM" - le entsoeng ka liathomo tse 35 tsa xenon - holim'a nickel.

1991 Sumio Iijima oa NEC Tsukuba, Japane, o sibolla li-carbon nanotubes, meaho e sekoti ea cylindrical. Ho fihlela joale, li-nanotubes tse tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa tsa carbon, tseo marako a tsona a entsoeng ka graphene e pota-potiloeng. Ho boetse ho na le li-non-carbon nanotubes le DNA nanotubes. Li-thinnest carbon nanotubes li ka tatellano ea bophara ba nanometer e le 'ngoe' me li ka ba bolelele ba makhetlo a limilione. Li na le matla a makatsang a matla le lisebelisoa tse ikhethang tsa motlakase, 'me ke li-conductors tse ntle haholo tsa mocheso. Thepa ena e ba etsa lisebelisoa tse tšepisang bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ho nanotechnology, elektroniki, optics, le mahlale a thepa.

1993 Warren Robinett oa Univesithi ea North Carolina le R. Stanley Williams oa UCLA ba ntse ba haha ​​mokhoa oa sebele oa sebele o amanang le microscope ea ho hlahloba e lumellang mosebedisi ho bona esita le ho tšoara liathomo.

1998 Sehlopha sa Cees Dekker sa Univesithi ea Theknoloji ea Delft naheng ea Netherlands se ntse se haha ​​​​transistor e sebelisang carbon nanotubes. Hona joale, bo-rasaense ba leka ho sebelisa thepa e ikhethang ea carbon nanotubes ho hlahisa lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tse molemo le tse potlakileng tse sebelisang motlakase o fokolang. Sena se ne se lekanyelitsoe ke lintlha tse 'maloa, tseo tse ling tsa tsona li ileng tsa hlōloa butle-butle, tseo ka 2016 li ileng tsa etsa hore bafuputsi ba Univesithing ea Wisconsin-Madison ba thehe carbon transistor e nang le li-parameter tse molemo ho feta tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa silicon prototypes. Lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke Michael Arnold le Padma Gopalan li lebisitse ho nts'etsopele ea carbon nanotube transistor e ka tsamaisang habeli ea hona joale ea mohatelli oa eona oa silicon.

2003 Samsung e fana ka litokelo tsa theknoloji e tsoetseng pele e thehiloeng ketsong ea li-ion tsa silevera tse nyane ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, hlobo le mefuta e fetang makholo a tšeletseng ea libaktheria le ho thibela ho ata ha tsona. Likaroloana tsa silevera li kentsoe ka har'a lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa ho sefa ka har'a vacuum cleaner ea k'hamphani - lihloela tsohle le pokello ea lerōle kapa mokotla.

2004 The British Royal Society le Royal Academy of Engineering li phatlalatsa tlaleho "Nanoscience le Nanotechnology: Menyetla le ho se Tiisehe", ho kopa lipatlisiso mabapi le likotsi tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng tsa nanotechnology bakeng sa bophelo bo botle, tikoloho le sechaba, ho nahanela lintlha tsa boitšoaro le tsa molao.

Mohlala oa Nanomotor ka mabili a fullerene

2006 James Tour, hammoho le sehlopha sa bo-rasaense ba tsoang Univesithing ea Rice, ba etsa "van" e nyenyane haholo ho tloha molek'hule ea oligo (phenyleneethynylene), eo li-axle tsa eona li entsoeng ka liathomo tsa aluminium, 'me mabili a entsoe ka C60 fullerenes. Nanovehicle e ile ea falla holim'a metsi, e nang le liathomo tsa khauta, tlas'a tšusumetso ea ho eketseha ha mocheso, ka lebaka la ho potoloha ha "mabili" a fullerene. Ka holim'a mocheso oa 300 ° C, e ile ea potlakisa hoo litsebi tsa k'hemistri li neng li se li sa khone ho e latela ...

2007 Litsebi tsa theknoloji ea nanotechnology li kopanya "Testamente ea Khale" eohle ea Sejuda sebakeng sa 0,5 mm feela.² sephaphatha sa silicon se entsoeng ka khauta. Mongolo o ne o ngotsoe ka ho lebisa letoto la li-ion tsa gallium holim'a poleiti.

2009-2010 Nadrian Seaman le basebetsi-'moho le eena Univesithing ea New York ba theha letoto la li-nanomounts tse kang DNA moo libopeho tsa maiketsetso tsa DNA li ka hlophisoang ho "hlahisa" mehaho e meng e nang le libopeho le thepa e lakatsehang.

2013 Bo-ramahlale ba IBM ba etsa filimi ea lipopae e ka bonoang feela kamora ho holisoa makhetlo a limilione tse 100. E bitsoa "Moshanyana le Athomo ea Hae" 'me e huloa ka matheba a diatomic ka boholo ba karolo ea bilione ea mithara, e leng limolek'hule tse le 'ngoe tsa carbon monoxide. Setšoantšo sena se bontša moshemane ea qalang ho bapala ka bolo eaba o qhomela holim'a trampoline. E 'ngoe ea limolek'hule e boetse e bapala karolo ea bolo. Liketso tsohle li etsahala holim'a koporo, 'me boholo ba foreimi ka' ngoe ea filimi ha bo fete li-nanometer tse mashome a 'maloa.

2014 Bo-rasaense ba tsoang Univesithing ea Theknoloji ea ETH e Zurich ba atlehile ho theha lesela la porous le ka tlase ho nanometer e le 'ngoe. Botenya ba thepa e fumanoeng ka ho qhekella ha nanotechnological ke 100 XNUMX. nako e nyane hofeta ya moriri wa motho. Ho ea ka litho tsa sehlopha sa bangoli, ena ke thepa e nyenyane ka ho fetisisa ea porous e ka fumanoang 'me ka kakaretso e khoneha. E na le likarolo tse peli tsa sebopeho sa graphene se mahlakore a mabeli. Lera le khona ho kenella, empa ke likaroloana tse nyane feela, tse liehang kapa li ts'oara ka botlalo likaroloana tse kholoanyane.

2015 Ho ntse ho etsoa pompo ea molek'hule, sesebelisoa sa nanoscale se fetisang matla ho tloha molek'hule e 'ngoe ho ea ho e' ngoe, ho etsisa mekhoa ea tlhaho. Moralo ona o entsoe ke bafuputsi ba Weinberg Northwestern College of Arts and Sciences. Mochine ona o hopotsa mekhoa ea likokoana-hloko ka liprotheine. Ho lebeletsoe hore theknoloji e joalo e tla fumana ts'ebeliso haholo-holo litabeng tsa biotechnology le meriana, mohlala, ka mesifa ea maiketsetso.

2016 Ho latela sengoliloeng se hlahang koranteng ea saense ea Nature Nanotechnology, bafuputsi ba Dutch Technical University Delft ba thehile mecha ea phatlalatso ea polokelo ea athomo e le 'ngoe. Mokhoa o mocha o lokela ho fana ka boima ba polokelo ka makhetlo a fetang makholo a mahlano ho feta theknoloji leha e le efe e sebelisoang hona joale. Bangoli ba hlokomela hore liphello tse molemo le ho feta li ka finyelloa ka ho sebelisa mohlala oa likarolo tse tharo tsa sebaka sa likaroloana sebakeng.

Classification ea nanotechnologies le nanomaterials

1. Mehaho ea nanotechnological e kenyelletsa:

• liliba tsa quantum, lithapo le matheba, ke. meaho e fapaneng e kopanyang tšobotsi e latelang - moeli oa sebaka sa likaroloana sebakeng se itseng ka litšitiso tse ka bang teng;
• lipolasetiki, sebopeho sa eona se laoloang boemong ba limolek'hule ka bomong, ka lebaka leo ho ka khonehang, ka mohlala, ho fumana lisebelisoa tse nang le thepa ea mechine e e-s'o ka e e-ba teng;
• likhoele tsa maiketsetso - lisebelisoa tse nang le sebopeho se nepahetseng sa limolek'hule, hape se khetholloa ke thepa e sa tloaelehang ea mochini;
• nanotubes, meaho ea supramolecular ka mokhoa oa li-cylinders tse sekoti. Ho fihlela joale, li-carbon nanotubes tse tsejoang ka ho fetisisa, tseo marako a tsona a entsoeng ka graphene e phuthoang (monatomic graphite layers). Ho boetse ho na le li-non-carbon nanotubes (mohlala, ho tloha tungsten sulfide) le ho tloha DNA;
• lisebelisoa tse sithabetseng ka mokhoa oa lerōle, lithollo tsa tsona, mohlala, ho bokella liathomo tsa tšepe. Silevera () e nang le thepa e matla ea antibacteria e sebelisoa haholo ka foromo ena;
• nanowires (mohlala, silevera kapa koporo);
• likarolo tse entsoeng ka ho sebelisa li-electron lithography le mekhoa e meng ea nanolithography;
• fullerenes;
• graphene le lisebelisoa tse ling tse peli-dimensional (borophene, graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, silicene, germanene, molybdenum sulfide);
• lisebelisoa tse kopantsoeng tse matlafalitsoeng ka nanoparticles.

Sebaka sa Nanolithographic

2. Ho hlophisoa ha nanotechnologies ho systematics ea mahlale, e ntlafalitsoeng ka 2004 ke Mokhatlo oa Tšebelisano-'moho ea Moruo le Nts'etsopele (OECD):

• li-nanomaterials (tlhahiso le thepa);
• nanoprocesses (likopo tsa nanoscale - biomaterials ke tsa biotechnology ea indasteri).

3. Li-nanomaterials ke lisebelisoa tsohle tseo ho tsona ho nang le mehaho e tloaelehileng boemong ba limolek'hule, i.e. e sa feteng 100 nanometers.

Moeli ona o ka bolela boholo ba libaka e le yuniti ea motheo ea microstructure, kapa botenya ba likarolo tse fumanoeng kapa tse behiloeng holim'a substrate. Ka ts'ebetso, moeli o ka tlase o hlahisoang ke li-nanomaterials o fapane bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse nang le thepa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso - e amana haholo le ponahalo ea thepa e itseng ha e fetisitsoe. Ka ho fokotsa boholo ba meaho e laetsoeng ea thepa, hoa khoneha ho ntlafatsa haholo thepa ea bona ea physicochemical, mochini le tse ling.

Li-nanomatadium li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse 'nè tse latelang:

• e nang le lefela (dot nanomaterials) - mohlala, matheba a quantum, li-nanoparticles tsa silevera;
• ya ntlha e le nngwe - mohlala, tšepe kapa semiconductor nanowires, nanorods, polymeric nanofibers;
• e mahlakore a mabedi - mohlala, likarolo tsa nanometer tsa mofuta o le mong kapa oa mekhahlelo e mengata, graphene le lisebelisoa tse ling tse nang le botenya ba athomo e le 'ngoe;
• mahlakore a mararo (kapa nanocrystalline) - e na le libaka tsa kristale le ho bokella mekhahlelo e nang le boholo ba tatellano ea li-nanometers kapa metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ka nanoparticles.