Ho thoe'ng haeba ... re fumana li-superconductors tsa mocheso o phahameng? Litlamo tsa tšepo

Lithapo tsa phetisetso tse sa lahleheng, boenjiniere ba motlakase oa mocheso o tlase, li-superelectromagnets, qetellong li hatella ka bonolo likhato tse limilione tsa plasma ka har'a li-reactor tsa thermonuclear, terene e khutsitseng le e potlakileng ea maglev. Re na le tšepo e ngata bakeng sa li-superconductors ...

Ts'ebetso e kholo boemo ba thepa ea ho hanyetsa motlakase oa zero ho bitsoa. Sena se finyelloa ka lisebelisoa tse ling ka mocheso o tlase haholo. O ile a sibolla ketsahalo ena ea quantum Kamerling Onnes (1) ka mercury, ka 1911. Classical physics e hloleha ho e hlalosa. Ntle le ho hanyetsa zero, tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea li-superconductors ke sutumelletsa matla a makenete ho tsoa bophahamong ba onaseo ho thoeng ke phello ea Meissner (mofuta oa I superconductors) kapa ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa matla a khoheli ho "vortices" (mofuta oa II oa li-superconductors).

Boholo ba li-superconductors li sebetsa feela mochesong o haufi le zero e felletseng. Ho tlalehoa hore ke 0 Kelvin (-273,15 °C). Motsamao oa liathomo mochesong ona e batla e le sieo. Ena ke senotlolo sa li-superconductors. Ka tloaelo dieleketerone e tsamayang ka har'a conductor e thulana le diathomo tse ding tse thothomelang, ho baka tahlehelo ea matla le ho hanyetsa. Leha ho le joalo, rea tseba hore superconductivity e ka khoneha ka mocheso o phahameng. Butle-butle, re ntse re fumana lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang phello ena ka mocheso o tlase oa Celsius, 'me haufinyane tjena esita le ho feta. Leha ho le joalo, hangata sena se amahanngoa le tšebeliso ea khatello e phahameng haholo. Toro e kholo ke ho theha theknoloji ena ka mocheso oa kamore ntle le khatello e kholo.

Motheo oa 'mele oa ponahalo ea boemo ba superconductivity ke ho thehoa ha lipara tsa batho ba nkang thepa - seo ho thoeng ke Cooper. Lipara tse joalo li ka hlaha ka lebaka la ho kopana ha li-electrone tse peli tse nang le matla a tšoanang. Fermi eneji, ke. matla a manyenyane ka ho fetisisa ao matla a tsamaiso ea fermionic a tla eketseha ka mor'a ho eketsoa ha ntho e 'ngoe hape, esita le ha matla a ho sebelisana a ba tlamang a le monyenyane haholo. Sena se fetola thepa ea motlakase ea thepa, kaha lijari tse le 'ngoe ke li-fermions' me lipara ke li-bosons.

Sebelisanang ka hona, ke tsamaiso ea li-fermions tse peli (mohlala, li-electrone) tse sebelisanang ka ho sisinyeha ha lesela la kristale, le bitsoang phonon. Ho hlalositsoe ketsahalo ena Leona oa sebelisana ka 1956 'me ke karolo ea khopolo ea BCS ea matla a phahameng a mocheso a tlaase. Li-fermions tse etsang sehlopha sa Cooper li na le li-spins tse halofo (tse lebisitsoeng ka mahlakoreng a fapaneng), empa phello e hlahisoang ke tsamaiso e tletse, ke hore, Cooper ke boson.

Li-superconductors ka mocheso o itseng ke likarolo tse ling, mohlala, cadmium, tin, aluminium, iridium, platinum, tse ling li fetela boemong ba superconductivity feela ka khatello e phahameng haholo (mohlala, oksijene, phosphorus, sebabole, germanium, lithium) kapa mofuta oa lera tse tšesaane (tungsten, beryllium, chromium), 'me tse ling e ka' na eaba ha e e-s'o be li-superconducting, tse kang silevera, koporo, khauta, likhase tse ntle, hydrogen, le hoja khauta, silevera le koporo li har'a li-conductor tse molemo ka ho fetisisa mocheso oa kamore.

"Mocheso o phahameng" o ntse o hloka mocheso o tlase haholo

Selemong sa 1964 William A. Monyane o ile a fana ka maikutlo a monyetla oa ho ba teng ha maemo a phahameng a mocheso a phahameng ka ho fetisisa li-polymer tse entsoeng ka tlhaho. Tlhahiso ena e ipapisitse le pairing ea elektronike ea exciton-mediated ho fapana le phonon-mediated pairing ka khopolo ea BCS. Lentsoe "superconductors" le sebelisitsoe ho hlalosa lelapa le lecha la li-ceramics tsa perovskite tse fumanoeng ke Johannes G. Bednorz le C.A. Müller ka 1986, eo ka eona ba ileng ba fumana Khau ea Nobel. Li-superconductors tsena tse ncha tsa ceramic (2) li entsoe ka koporo le oksijene tse kopantsoeng le lintho tse ling tse kang lanthanum, barium le bismuth.

2. Letlapa la Ceramic le okamela holim'a limakete tse matla

Ho ea ka pono ea rona, "mocheso o phahameng" superconductivity e ne e ntse e le tlaase haholo. Bakeng sa likhatello tse tloaelehileng, moeli o ne o le -140 ° C, esita le li-superconductors tse joalo li ne li bitsoa "mocheso o phahameng". Thempereichara ea superconductivity ea -70 ° C bakeng sa hydrogen sulfide e fihletsoe ka likhatello tse phahameng haholo. Leha ho le joalo, li-superconductors tsa mocheso o phahameng li hloka naetrojene ea metsi e batlang e le theko e tlaase ho e-na le helium ea metsi bakeng sa ho pholisa, e leng ea bohlokoa.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, hangata ke ceramic e brittle, ha e sebetse haholo ho sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa motlakase.

Bo-ramahlale ba ntse ba lumela hore ho na le khetho e betere e emetseng ho sibolloa, thepa e ncha e babatsehang e tla finyella litekanyetso tse kang superconductivity ka mocheso oa kamoretheko e tlase ebile e sebetsa ho sebelisoa. Lipatlisiso tse ling li lebisitse tlhokomelo ho koporo, kristale e rarahaneng e nang le likarolo tsa liathomo tsa koporo le oksijene. Lipatlisiso li tsoela pele ka litlaleho tse ling tse makatsang empa tse sa hlalosoang ke saense tsa hore graphite e kolobisitsoeng ke metsi e ka sebetsa e le superconductor mocheso oa kamore.

Lilemong tsa morao tjena e bile letoto la 'nete la "liphetoho", "katleho" le "khaolo e ncha" lebaleng la superconductivity ka mocheso o phahameng. Ka Mphalane 2020, ho ile ha tlalehoa hore superconductivity mocheso oa kamore (ka 15 ° C). carbon disulfide hydride (3), leha ho le joalo, ka khatello e phahameng haholo (267 GPa) e hlahisoang ke laser e tala. The Holy Grail, e neng e tla ba thepa e batlang e le theko e tlaase e neng e ka ba superconductive mocheso oa kamore le khatello e tloaelehileng, ha e e-s'o fumanehe.

3. Lintho tse entsoeng ka carbon tse nang le superconductive ho 15°C.

Hoseng ha Mehla ea Magnetic

Palo ea likopo tse ka khonehang tsa li-superconductors tse phahameng tsa mocheso li ka qala ka lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki le likhomphutha, lisebelisoa tsa logic, likarolo tsa mohopolo, li-switches le likhokahano, lijenereithara, liamplifiers, li-accelerator tsa likaroloana. E latelang lethathamong: lisebelisoa tse hlokolosi haholo bakeng sa ho metha matla a khoheli, li-voltage kapa maqhubu, limakete bakeng sa Lisebelisoa tsa bongaka tsa MRI, lisebelisoa tsa ho boloka matla a makenete, literene tse tsamaeang ka likulo, lienjine, lijenereithara, li-transformer le lithapo tsa motlakase. Melemo e ka sehloohong ea lisebelisoa tsena tsa superconducting ea litoro e tla ba matla a fokolang a matla, ts'ebetso ea lebelo le phahameng le kutlo e feteletseng.

bakeng sa li-superconductors. Ho na le lebaka leo ka lona lifeme tsa motlakase li atisang ho hahoa haufi le litoropo tse phetheselang. Esita le karolo ea 30 lekholong. e entsoeng ke tsona Matla a motlakase e ka 'na ea lahleheloa ke lithapo tsa phetiso. Ena ke bothata bo tloaelehileng ka lisebelisoa tsa motlakase. Matla a mangata a ea mochesong. Ka hona, karolo ea bohlokoa ea holim'a k'homphieutha e boloketsoe likarolo tse pholileng tse thusang ho senya mocheso o hlahisoang ke lipotoloho.

Li-superconductors li rarolla bothata ba tahlehelo ea matla bakeng sa mocheso. E le karolo ea liteko, ka mohlala, bo-rasaense ba khona ho iphelisa motlakase ka hare ho lesale la superconducting ho feta lilemo tse peli. 'Me sena ha se na matla a eketsehileng.

Lebaka feela leo hona joale le ileng la emisa ka lona ke hobane ho ne ho se na monyetla oa ho fumana helium ea metsi, eseng hobane hona joale ha ho khonehe ho tsoela pele ho phalla. Liteko tsa rona li etsa hore re lumele hore maqhubu a thepa ea superconducting a ka phalla ka lilemo tse makholo a likete, haeba ho se joalo. Motlakase oa motlakase ho li-superconductors o ka phalla ka ho sa feleng, o fetisetsa matla mahala.

в ha ho khanyetso motlakase o moholo o ne o ka phalla ka har'a terata ea superconducting, e leng eona e ileng ea hlahisa matla a khoheli a matla a hlollang. Li ka sebelisoa ho tsamaisa literene tsa maglev (4), tse seng li ka fihla lebelo la lik’hilomithara tse 600 ka hora ’me li thehiloe holim’a makenete a maholohali. Kapa li sebelise lifemeng tsa motlakase, ho nkela mekhoa ea khale eo li-turbine li bilikang ka matla a khoheli ho fehla motlakase. Limanete tse matla tsa superconducting li ka thusa ho laola karabelo ea fusion. Mohala oa superconducting o ka sebetsa e le sesebelisoa se loketseng sa ho boloka matla, ho fapana le betri, mme bokhoni ba sistimi bo tla bolokoa lilemo tse sekete le milione.

Ka lik'homphieutha tsa quantum, u ka phalla ka ho ea ka nako kapa ka tsela e fapaneng ka ho fetisisa ho superconductor. Lienjine tsa likepe le tsa likoloi li ne li tla ba nyane ka makhetlo a leshome ho feta kamoo li leng ka teng kajeno, 'me mechini e turang ea MRI ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka e ne e tla lekana letsohong la letsoho la hau. E bokelloa ho tloha mapolasing a mahoatateng a maholo a lehoatata ho pota lefatše, matla a letsatsi a ka bolokoa le ho fetisoa ntle le tahlehelo leha e le efe.

4. Terene ea maglev ea Japane

Ho ea ka setsebi sa fisiks le popularizer ea tummeng oa saense, Kakumahlale a kang li-superconductors li tla tlisa mehla e mecha. Haeba re ne re ntse re phela mehleng ea motlakase, li-superconductors tse mochesong oa kamore li ne li tla tla le mehla ea makenete.