Ka potlako, ho khutsitse, ho hloekisa - Enjene e Ncha ea Lifofane
Hoa etsahala hore e le hore u ka fetola haholo sefofaneng, ha ho hlokahale hore u batle li-propellers tse ncha, meralo ea bokamoso kapa lisebelisoa tsa sebaka. Ho lekane ho sebelisa phetisetso e bonolo ea mochini ...
Ena ke e 'ngoe ea lintlafatso tsa bohlokoahali lilemong tsa morao tjena. Geared turbofan motors (GTF) e lumella compressor le fene ho potoloha ka lebelo le fapaneng. Sesebelisoa sa fan drive se potoloha ka shaft ea fan empa se arola mochini oa fan ho tsoa ho compressor ea khatello e tlase le turbine. Fene e potoloha ka lebelo le fokolang, ha compressor le turbine ea khatello e tlase e sebetsa ka lebelo le holimo. Module e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea enjine e ka sebetsa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng. Kamora lilemo tse 20 tsa tšebeliso ea R&D le R&D ea chelete e ka bang $ 1000 bilione, lelapa la Pratt & Whitney PurePower PW2016G turbofan le ne le sebetsa lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng mme le kentsoe ka matla lifofaneng tsa khoebo ho tloha ka XNUMX.
Lienjineri tsa sejoale-joale tsa turbofan li hlahisa matla ka litsela tse peli. Ntlha ea pele, li-compressor le kamore ea ho tuka li fumaneha motheong oa eona. Ka pele ho na le fene eo, e khannoang ke mantlha, e tsamaisang moea ka har'a likamore tsa bypass ho potoloha mokokotlo oa enjene. Karolelano ea bypass ke tekanyo ea boholo ba moea o fetang khubung ho ea ho bongata ba moea o fetang ho eona. Ka kakaretso, karo-karolelano e phahameng ea bypass e bolela lienjineri tse khutsitseng, tse sebetsang hantle le tse matla haholoanyane. Lienjineri tse tloaelehileng tsa turbofan li na le karo-karolelano ea 9 ho ea ho 1. Lienjineri tsa Pratt PurePower GTF li na le karo-karolelano ea 12 ho 1.
Ho eketsa karo-karolelano ea li-bypass, baetsi ba likoloi ba tlameha ho eketsa bolelele ba li-blade tsa fan. Leha ho le joalo, ha e le molelele, lebelo la ho potoloha le fumanoang qetellong ea lehare le tla ba holimo hoo ho tla ba le ho thothomela ho sa batleheng. U hloka li-fan blade ho fokotsa lebelo, 'me ke seo gearbox e leng sona. Enjene e joalo e ka ba karolo ea 16 lekholong, ho latela Pratt & Whitney. moruo o moholo oa mafura le karolo ea 50 lekholong. mesi e fokolang e tsoang 'me ke karolo ea 75 lekholong. khutsitseng. Haufinyane tjena, SWISS le Air Baltic li phatlalalitse hore lienjineri tsa bona tsa jete tsa GTF C-series li sebelisa mafura a fokolang ho feta ao moetsi a a tšepisitseng.
PW1100G-JM enjene moleng oa tlhahiso
Makasine ea TIME e ile ea reha enjene ea PW1000G e 'ngoe ea lintho tse 50 tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa 2011 le e' ngoe ea tse tšeletseng tse nang le botsoalle ka ho fetisisa tikolohong, kaha Pratt & Whitney PurePower e etselitsoe ho hloeka, ho khutsa, ho ba le matla le ho sebelisa mafura a fokolang ho feta lienjini tsa jet tse teng. Ka 2016, Richard Anderson, eo ka nako eo e neng e le mopresidente oa Delta Air Lines, o ile a bitsa enjene "tlhahiso ea pele ea 'nete" ho tloha ha Boeing's Dreamliner e fetola kaho ea likarolo tse ngata.
Ho boloka le ho fokotsa likhase
Lefapha la lifofane tsa khoebo le ntša lithane tse fetang limilione tse 700 tsa carbon dioxide selemo le selemo. Le hoja e ka ba karolo ea 2 lekholong feela. mesi ea carbon dioxide lefatšeng ka bophara, ho na le bopaki ba hore likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše ka har'a mafura a jet li na le tšusumetso e kholo sepakapakeng ha li ntse li lokolloa libakeng tse phahameng.
Baetsi ba lienjine tse kholo ba batla ho boloka mafura le ho fokotsa mesi. Mohatelli oa Pratt CFM International haufinyane e hlahisitse enjine ea eona e tsoetseng pele e bitsoang LEAP, eo liofisiri tsa k'hamphani li reng e fana ka liphetho tse ts'oanang ho turbofan e hlophisitsoeng ka litšenyehelo tsa litharollo tse ling. CFM e bolela hore mohahong oa setso oa turbofan, melemo e tšoanang e ka finyelloa ntle le boima bo eketsehileng le ho hula ha powertrain. LEAP e sebelisa lisebelisoa tse kopaneng tse bobebe le li-blade tsa fan fiber ho fihlela lintlafatso tse sebetsang hantle tseo k'hamphani e reng li ka bapisoa le tse fihletsoeng ka enjene ea Pratt & Whitney.
Ho fihla joale, litaelo tsa lienjine tsa Airbus bakeng sa A320neo li batla li arohane ka ho lekana pakeng tsa CFM le Pratt & Whitney. Ka bomalimabe k'hamphani ea morao-rao, li-motors tsa PurePower li baka mathata ho basebelisi. Ea pele e hlahile selemong sena, ha ho pholile ho sa tšoaneng ha lienjineri tsa GTF ho ne ho tlalehoa Qatar Airways Airbus A320neo. Pholiso e sa lekaneng e ka lebisa ho deformation le khohlano ea likarolo, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang ho eketsa nako pakeng tsa lifofane. Ka lebaka leo, sefofane se ile sa etsa qeto ea hore lienjiniere ha lia ka tsa finyella litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso. Nakoana kamora moo, balaoli ba lifofane ba India ba ile ba emisa ho fofa ha lifofane tse 11 tsa Airbus A320neo tse tsamaisoang ke lienjine tsa PurePower GTF. Ho ea ka Economic Times, qeto e ile ea tla ka mor'a hore sefofane se tsamaisoang ke Airbus GTF se senyehe ka makhetlo a mararo nakong ea libeke tse peli. Pratt & Whitney ba nyenyefatsa mathata ana, ba re a bonolo ho a hlola.
Mofani oa elektroniki oa Airbus
Seqhenqha se seng lefapheng la lienjine tsa lifofane, Roll-Royce, se iketsetsa Power Gearbox ea sona, eo ka 2025 e tla fokotsa tšebeliso ea mafura ho li-turbofans tse kholo ka 25%. ha e bapisoa le mefuta ea khale ea mefuta e tsebahalang ea enjene ea Trent. Sena, ehlile, se bolela tlholisano e ncha ea moralo oa Pratt & Whitney.
Mabrithani a boetse a nahana ka mefuta e meng ea boqapi. Nakong ea Singapore Airshow ea morao-rao, Rolls-Royce e phatlalalitse morero oa IntelligentEngine, o ikemiselitseng ho hlahisa lienjineri tsa lifofane tse bohlale tse sireletsehileng le tse sebetsang hantle haholoanyane ka bokhoni ba ho buisana le ho sebelisa marang-rang a tšehetso. Ka ho fana ka puisano e tsoelang pele ea litsela tse peli le enjene le likarolo tse ling tsa tikoloho ea litšebeletso, enjene e tla khona ho rarolla mathata pele a etsahala le ho ithuta ho ntlafatsa tshebetso. Ba ne ba tla boela ba ithute ho tsoa historing ea mosebetsi oa bona le lienjineng tse ling, ’me ka kakaretso ba ne ba tla tlameha ho itokisa ha ba ntse ba tsamaea.
Drive e hloka libeteri tse betere
Pono ea lifofane ea Khomishene ea Europe bakeng sa 2050 e batla ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea CO.2 ka karolo ea 75 lekholong, li-nitrogen oxide ka karolo ea 90 lekholong. le lerata ka karolo ea 65 lekholong. Li ke ke tsa finyelloa ka theknoloji e teng. Lits'ebetso tsa motlakase le li-hybrid-electric propulsion system hajoale li bonoa e le e 'ngoe ea mahlale a ts'episang ho tobana le mathata ana.
Ho na le lifofane tse nang le litulo tse peli tsa motlakase 'marakeng. Likoloi tsa motlakase tse nkang batho ba bane li se li le haufi. NASA e bolela esale pele hore mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-20, mofuta ona oa lifofane tsa lifofane tse nang le litulo tse robong li tla khutlisetsa litšebeletso tsa sefofane metseng e menyenyane. Ka bobeli Europe le US, bo-rasaense ba lumela hore ka 2030 hoa khoneha ho haha sefofane sa motlakase sa motlakase se nang le litulo tse ka bang 100. Leha ho le joalo, tsoelo-pele e kholo e tla hlokahala tšimong ea polokelo ea matla.
Hajoale, matla a matla a betri ha a lekana. Leha ho le joalo, sena sohle se ka fetoha. Mookameli oa Tesla Elon Musk o boletse hore hang ha libeteri li khona ho hlahisa lihora tse 400 tsa watt ka kilogram, 'me karolelano ea matla a sele ho boima bohle ke 0,7-0,8, sefofane sa motlakase sa transcontinental se tla fetoha "mokhoa o thata." Ha ho nahanoa hore libeteri tsa lithium-ion li khonne ho fihlela matla a matla a 113 Wh/kg ka 1994, 202 Wh/kg ka 2004, ’me joale a khona ho fihla ho hoo e ka bang 300 Wh/kg, ho ka nahanoa hore nakong ea lilemo tse leshome tse tlang li ile tsa khona ho fihla ho 400 Wh/kg. e tla fihla boemong ba XNUMX Wh/kg.
Morero oa litekesi tsa moea oa batho ba babeli oa Kitty Hawk
Airbus, Rolls-Royce le Siemens li sa tsoa sebelisana ho nts'etsapele mochini o fofang oa E-Fan X, e tla ba mohato oa bohlokoa ho tsamaellanang le motlakase oa lifofane tsa khoebo. Pontšo ea theknoloji ea motlakase e nyalisitsoeng ea E-Fan X e lebelletsoeng ho ba -Fan X e tla fofa ka 2020 kamora lets'olo le pharaletseng la liteko tsa fatše. Mokhahlelong oa pele, BAe 146 e tla nkela e 'ngoe ea lienjine tse 'ne sebaka ka enjene ea motlakase ea XNUMX MW. Kamora moo, ho reriloe ho nkela turbine ea bobeli sebaka ka enjene ea motlakase kamora ho bonts'a kholo ea sistimi.
Airbus e tla ikarabella bakeng sa ho kopanya ka kakaretso hammoho le motlakase oa motlakase oa lebasetere le meralo ea ho laola betri le ho kopanngoa ha eona le mekhoa ea ho laola lifofane. Rolls-Royce e tla ikarabella bakeng sa enjene ea turbine ea khase, jenereithara ea XNUMX-megawatt le lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tsa motlakase. Hammoho le Airbus, Rolls-Royce e tla sebetsa ho fetola li-fan hore li lumellane le enjene e teng ea Siemens nacelle le enjene ea motlakase. Siemens e tla fana ka li-motor tsa motlakase tsa XNUMX MW le motlakase oa motlakase oa elektronike, hammoho le inverter, converter le tsamaiso ea ho aba matla.
Litsi tse ngata tsa lipatlisiso lefatšeng ka bophara li sebetsa ka lifofane tsa motlakase, ho kenyelletsa le NASA, e ntseng e haha X-57 Maxwell. Morero oa litekesi tsa lifofane tsa lifofane tsa Kitty Hawk tsa batho ba babeli le meaho e meng e mengata ea litsi tse kholo, lik'hamphani kapa lits'ebetso tse nyane tse qalang le tsona lia ntlafatsoa.
Ka lebaka la hore nako e tloaelehileng ea bophelo ba lifofane tsa bapalami le tse tsamaisang thepa e ka ba lilemo tse 21 le tse 33, ka ho latellana, le haeba lifofane tsohle tse ncha tse hlahisoang hosane e le tsa motlakase, ho ka nka lilemo tse mashome a mabeli ho isa ho tse tharo ho emisa lifofane tse tsamaeang ka mafura.
Kahoo e ke ke ea sebetsa kapele. Ho sa le joalo, biofuel e ka bebofatsa tikoloho lekaleng la lifofane. Li thusa ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea carbon dioxide ka karolo ea 36-85 lekholong. Leha taba ea hore metsoako ea biofuel bakeng sa enjine ea jet e netefalitsoe morao koana ka 2009, indasteri ea lifofane ha e potlakele ho kenya tšebetsong liphetoho. Ho na le litšitiso tse 'maloa tsa theknoloji le liphephetso tse amanang le ho tlisa tlhahiso ea biofuel maemong a indasteri, empa tšitiso e kholo ke theko - ho nka lilemo tse ling tse leshome ho fihlella tekano le libeso tsa khale.
Kena Bokamosong
Ka nako e ts'oanang, li-laboratory li ntse li sebetsa mabapi le mehopolo ea enjene ea sefofane ea bokamoso. Ka mohlala, ho fihlela joale, enjene ea plasma ha e utloahale e le ea sebele, empa ho ke ke ha qojoa hore libuka tsa saense li tla fetoha ntho e thahasellisang le e molemo. Li-thrust tsa plasma li sebelisa motlakase ho theha masimo a motlakase. Li hatella le ho hlasimolla khase, e kang moea kapa argon, hore e be plasma—e leng boemo bo chesang, bo teteaneng, bo nang le ionized. Lipatlisiso tsa bona joale li lebisa mohopolong oa ho hlahisa lisathelaete sebakeng se kantle (li-ion thrusters). Leha ho le joalo, Berkant Goeksel oa Technical University of Berlin le sehlopha sa hae ba batla ho kenya li-plasma thrusters lifofaneng.
Sepheo sa phuputso ena ke ho etsa enjene ea air-jet plasma e ka sebelisoang bakeng sa lifofane tse tlohang le tse sebakeng se phahameng. Li-jets tsa plasma hangata li etselitsoe ho sebetsa sebakeng se se nang letho kapa sehatelong se tlase moo ho hlokahalang khase. Leha ho le joalo, sehlopha sa Göksel se ile sa lekola sesebelisoa se khonang ho sebetsa moeeng ka khatello ea sepakapaka se le seng. "Li-nozzles tsa rona tsa plasma li ka fihla lebelo la lik'hilomithara tse 20 motsotsoana," Göckel o re lethathamong la likopano la Journal of Physics.
Enjene ea SABER koloing ea hypersonic ea bokamoso
Taba ea pele, sehlopha se ile sa leka li-thruster tse nyane tsa bolelele ba limilimithara tse 80. Bakeng sa sefofane se senyenyane, sena se tla fihla ho sekete sa seo sehlopha se nkang hore se ka khoneha. Moeli o moholo, ehlile, ke khaello ea libeteri tse bobebe. Bo-rasaense ba boetse ba nahana ka lifofane tse nyalisitsoeng, tseo enjene ea plasma e ka kopanngoang le lienjineri tse tukang tse ka hare kapa lirokete.
Ha re bua ka maikutlo a macha a enjine ea jete, ha re lebaleng SABER (Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine) e ntlafalitsoeng ke Reaction Engines Limited. Ho nahanoa hore ena e tla ba enjene e sebetsang sepakapakeng le sebakeng sa vacuum, e tsamaeang ka hydrogen e metsi. Boemong ba pele ba sefofane, oxidizer e tla ba moea o tsoang sepakapakeng (joalo ka lienjineri tse tloaelehileng tsa jete), le ho tloha bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse 26 (moo sekepe se fihlang lebelo la lilemo tse limilione tse 5) - oksijene ea metsi. Kamora ho fetohela ho mokhoa oa rocket, e tla fihla ho lebelo ho fihla ho Mach 25.
HorizonX, letsoho la matsete la Boeing le kentsoeng morerong ona, ha le e-s'o etse qeto ea hore na SABER e ka e sebelisa joang, ntle le hore e lebeletse ho "sebelisa theknoloji ea phetoho ho thusa Boeing ho batla sefofane sa supersonic."
RAMJET le scramjet (enjene ea jete e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e nang le kamore e tukang) esale e le melomong ea balateli ba lifofane tsa lebelo le phahameng. Hona joale, li hlahisoa haholo-holo bakeng sa merero ea sesole. Leha ho le joalo, joalokaha histori ea lifofane e ruta, se tla lekoa sesoleng se tla ea ho lifofane tsa sechaba. Se hlokahalang feela ke mamello e nyenyane.
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